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)}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af39\afs40\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\scaps\f39\fs40\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Factors Influencing Ecotourism Benefits to Small, Forest\_Reliant Communities: A Case Study of Bromo \_Tengger\_Semeru National Park, East Java}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qc \li0\ri0\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\scaps\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 Factors Influencing Ecotourism Benefits to Small, Forest\_Reliant Communities: A Case Study of Bromo\_Tengger\_ Semeru National Park, East Java}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 By Ms. Janet Cochrane, MSc, }{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 By Ms. Janet Cochrane, MSc, }}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par Department of Southeast Asia Studies, University of Hull,}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Department of Southeast Asia Studies, University of Hull,}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par Hull, United Kingdom}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s17\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Hull, United Kingdom}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Ecotourism in Indonesia}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Ecotourism in Indonesia}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 Ecotourism is being developed as an integral part of Indonesia\rquote s overall tourism strategy, which attempts to maximize the economic benefits of foreign visitation and to provide recreational facilities for an increasingly urbanized domestic population. Foreign intours to Indonesia increased by more than 400% in the last decade (1985\_1994), surpassing the 5 million mark in 1996. Tourism is the country\rquote s third largest foreign exchange earner, generating $5,172 million in 1995, and is expected to become the largest within ten years (Jakarta Post 1996). Even though only a small proportion of tourists visit the country\rquote s national parks and other protected areas, the earning potential of these areas has been recognized. National park managers hope that community\_based ecotourism will improve local people\rquote s standard of living leading to increased appreciation of the parks (Sumardja 1995, Ediwijoto 1996). \par Ecotourism for the purposes of th is paper is taken to mean travel to and within natural areas, enjoying the natural and cultural elements contained within them. Discussions of ecotourism also frequently include the provisos that it should contribute to the conservation of the focal area and to the social, cultural and economic development of the host community, and these points will be considered throughout the discussion of the case study. Two principal models of Indonesian Ecotourism \endash \'93spontaneous\'94 and \'93planned\'94 \endash are described below. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Spontaneous ecotourism}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Spontaneous ecotourism}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 The most striking examples of Indonesian ecotourism have arisen quite spontaneously (e.g. those centered on the orangutan rehabilitation center of Bohorok, at Bukit Lawang, Sumatra; the Komodo \'93dragons\'94 in Komodo National Park; and Mount Bromo). In all these places, tourism began in the early 1970s with a small number of travelers who were searching for adventure and prepared to put up with minimal facilities. Currently, each place is visited by thousands of tourists annually. In each of these cases, tourism services and facilities were initially developed by outside entrepreneurs, or by \'93inside outsiders\'94 \_ people from outside the area who moved there for reasons other than tourism. In some cases, local entrepreneurs have followed the lead of the outsiders and established competitive, and often very successful facilities. \par It may be argued that the tourism as it occurs in Bohorok, Komodo, and Bromo is not ecotourism in its purest sense in that does not meet all the criteria by which ecotourism is defined in the narrowest sense. It does, however, comply with the broad description of travel to and within natural areas, and it fits at the \'93softer\'94 end of Lindberg\rquote s 1991 typology of nature tourists. In the early days of these three destinations, few would have said that the people visiting them were not ecotourists, and discussion of the point at which this manifestation of tourism evolved from \'93eco\'94 to \'93 mass\'94 is perhaps of interest more to theoreticians than to tourism practitioners and government planners. In practical terms, \'93ecotourism\'94 is simply a form of tourism, and the mechanisms and impacts associated with it are not substantively different from any other kind of tourism. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Planned ecotourism}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Planned ecotourism}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 The second model of ecotourism consists of projects designed to support conservation measures in a particular area, often around a national park. In contrast to the spontaneous variety the numbers of local people involved in this kind of tourism tend to be sm a ll. It can be argued, however, that even though these small projects appear to fit better with the more elaborate definitions of ecotourism (in that they have an overt conservation aim and in that they minimize negative impacts), because they are small-sc ale, they have limited impact and effectiveness. \par Inevitably, there is some overlap between planned and spontaneous tourism. For example, a decision may be taken to encourage tourism because a few visitors are already arriving at a particular location, rathe r than wait for the process to occur naturally. Occasionally, however, projects are conceived for the wrong reasons, such as pressure to spend a development loan. In general though, ecotourism schemes are devised by well\_ intentioned individuals or NGOs, an d mostly with sound forethought and an emphasis on involving the communities around a protected area. A common characteristic of many of the projects is that more effort is expended on organizing the activities and handling arrangements than on analyzing t he potential market and on marketing. This is because it is easier, cheaper and more productive (in terms of the structures created) to operate within the known parameters of the skills and assets available locally than to assess and communicate with the amorphous and far\_flung collection of tour operators, travel agents, promotional outlets, and individual tourists which constitute the overall tourism market. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Community\_Based Ecotourism \_ an Impossibility?}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Community\_Based Ecotourism \_ an Impossibility?}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 There is now a large body of literature on the subject of participatory development, and many studies have suggested that local participation in projects from the earliest stages is crucial to success. Pretty (1995) has analyzed the different interpreta tions of participation, ranging from merely imparting information that development is going to occur, to the full involvement of the affected community at all stages (from the initial planning phase through implementation and management). However, in the case of tourism, it is extraordinarily difficult to ensure such a high level of participation because of the extensive needs of government, the mechanisms of the tourism industry itself and the complexity of host communities. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Government requirements and policies}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Government requirements and policies}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 Many specialists contend that if tourism is to successfully support the policy aims of governments (increasing foreign exchange earnings, creating employment, promoting regional development) it has to be l arge-scale (Wheeler 1991). This means that in a large country like Indonesia, with a population of 200 million and where around 2.5 million people enter the workforce each year, the relatively quick employment opportunities offered by mass tourism are und e rstandably hard to resist. A community of 1,500 people constitutes a small village by Indonesian standards, and as the current case study of tourism to Bromo shows, it takes a substantial number of visitors to have any meaningful economic impact on this m any people. In these circumstances, the micro\_projects created by the planned type of ecotourism, however noble in aim and practice, are not of major interest to government policymakers. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 The tourism industry and market forces}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 The tourism industry and market forces}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 Tour companies operate in a highly competitive environment. In the absence of a strong regulatory environment, enterprises showing the best short\_ term profits predominate, regardless of environmental or social impacts. Thus, there is an impor tant role for the state in formulating legislation which supports conservation In the case of Bromo, the absence of strong government support for park protection is a major cause of the inadequacy of conservation of the protected area. \par The demands of the tourists themselves also conflict with the goals of contributing to conservation and minimizing cultural impacts. As many holiday\_makers choose a different destination every year, they have a short\_term interest in seeing the \lquote best\rquote the destination has to offer, rather than a long\_ term interest in ensuring that cultural and environmental integrity are maintained. Processes which may naturally occur infrequently or over a long period are thus often orchestrated to fit into fixed itineraries. In Indonesia, a n additional problem is that there is no satisfactory mechanism whereby the proceeds of ecotourism benefit the national parks directly. Tourists pay a fee of between Rp.1,000 and Rp.2,000 (US$.45\_ $.90) to enter each park. None of this money is returned to the park where the money was collected. This system provides no incentive for park personnel to manage their area as a profitable, long\_ term business. At the same time, the Bromo case study indicates that abuses of the fee\_collection system by park staff are so great, and interest in park protection so small, that localizing the budget would probably not lead to better park conservation. \par A further commercial imperative is that holiday experiences must fulfil the demands of tourists. Providing facilities a nd services to the standards required by these tourists entails expertise which is often lacking in the remote areas of developing countries where ecotourism often takes place. Often, qualified staff, food and other goods may have to be brought in from ab r oad or from outside the region, as is the case in Bromo. All this increases the amount of leakage from the local economy and reduces the possibility for local people to benefit economically. A 1994 survey of tourism to Siberut found that of US$125 paid b y low\_budget tourists for a 10 day trip to the island, only 9% reached the Mentawaians (the local people), and almost all of this was paid in the form of wages to porters (Sproule and Suhandi 1994). \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 The community}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 The community}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 Tourism specialists note the difficulty of finding economic mechanisms whereby communities coexisting with tourism can be truly involved. In the South Pacific, local people were observed to be involved in tourism in five ways: as observers, entrepreneurs, artisans, attractions, a nd administrators. But it was only as artisans that participation was considered successful in terms of fitting in with contemporary social structures as well as with the demands of the tourism industry (Douglas 1996). Similarly, consultants trying to fin d ways of ensuring that tourism would benefit as much of the community as possible found that detailed planning presented a number of practical problems in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. For instance, one proposal was to establish community\_ run guesthouses. But if the building materials were provided by development agencies, would the villagers feel a sense of pride and ownership in the properties, and maintain them? Should they be built in the villages, so that they would be more likely to be l ooked after, or at some distance from them, so that they would be quieter? Who should run the guesthouses, and on what basis? If managed on a rotational system, could every family in the village participate so that everyone receives a share of the econom ic benefits, or would this be impractical? And, finally, would it be possible to ensure that the management and revenue from the guesthouses were not captured by the most powerful families (Cochrane }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 et al.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 1994)? \par A further complexity arose in defining exactly what, or who is \'93the community\'94 ? Even if they form one administrative unit, any large group of people cannot automatically be considered a homogenous entity. Generally, these groups are composed of individuals subject to ambitions, strengths, family pre ssures and weaknesses often resulting in personal gain taking precedence over the good of the whole. Many development workers also reject the myth of a happy peasantry living in harmony with their surroundings and fellows (Carroll 1992). \par A final set of pr oblems emanates from the inexperience of many rural communities attempting to operate independently of the mainstream tourism industry. Efforts such as these often fail because they lack the access to the extensive promotion and marketing systems upon whi ch tourism depends. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru National Park \_ the Case Study}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru National Park \_ the Case Study}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 This case study was designed to identify the key factors which shape the interaction of ecotourism with host communities and conservation, as well as to further investigate the conflicts between the theory and practice of community\_ based ecotourism. The study site was chosen because Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru receives the highest number of tourists of any Indonesian national park and because there are numerous villages bordering or contained within the park. This offers the opportunity to study the livelihood strategies of people in different villages, the incidence of tourism and local involvement in the industry, and to assess whe ther tourism is a significant factor in village development and in conservation of the national park. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Methodology}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Methodology}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 After a field trip to select suitable villages for research, five villages with similar underlying characteristics were chose n. Ngadas lies within an enclave west of the national park and has virtually no tourism; Ranu Pani is in an eastern enclave and is the base for climbing Mount Semeru; Ngadisari, in the northeast, is where most tourism takes place; Wonokitri is near the se condary tourism center of Tosari in the northwest, and Mororejo, on the western side between Wonokitri and Ngadas, has no tourism. The villages are all fairly small by Indonesian standards, with 1,000\_2,600 inhabitants. \par A survey of 10% of the households in each of the villages was carried out. Formal and informal leaders such as the village headman, religious and cultural leaders and school teachers were interviewed. People in the tourism industry and national park staff were also interviewed. Domestic and international tourists were surveyed where possible. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Description and history of Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Description and history of Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 The national park consists of the Bromo\_Semeru massif, a block of volcanic highland averaging 40 km north\_south and 20\_30 km east\_ west, covering an area of 50,276 ha with altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 3,676 meters. The principal features are Mount Semeru, in the southern part of the park, which at 3,676 meters is Java\rquote s highest mountain and one of its most active volcanoes, and the vast Tengger caldera to the north, in the center of which is Mount Bromo. The middle slopes of Semeru are covered with tropical montane forest, with sub-alpine fore st above 2,000 meters. Casuarina forest is common around the populated areas and results from the burning of vegetation in the past. Grasslands cover the base of the Tengger caldera and slopes to the south of the Bromo crater, while a desert\_ like sandsea o f lava and ash extends north from Bromo to the caldera wall. The park was established in 1982 for watershed protection, as a bufferzone for volcanic eruptions, and for recreational purposes, rather than for species conservation, although it does contain n i ne species of plant found nowhere else on Java, including one endemic plant (FAO 1977, FAO 1980 and Dep. Kehutanan 1992/93a). It contains much of the typical Javan fauna, including muntjac deer, wild pig, leopard, Javan porcupine, jungle fowl, and wild do g (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 Cuon alpinus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 ). However wildlife is surprisingly rare due to high levels of hunting in the past. \par Administration of the park is the responsibility of the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature conservation (PHPA), which is part of the Ministry of Forestry. PHPA notes the principal threat to the park\rquote s ecology is woodcutting, caused by the high fuelwood requirement of the surrounding population. The park is also a source of fodder for livestock, and there is occasional hunting and bird\_trapping. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Population and culture}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Population and culture}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 There are 167,255 people living in 51 villages adjacent to the park (Dep. Kehutanan 1992/93b). The majority of the population is Tenggerese. This group is the remnants of a Hindu\_Buddhist kingdom which dominated Java until a regime with Muslim affiliations took over in the 15th century. The best\_ known cultural manifestation of the Tengger people is the Kasodo festival, which takes place every 270 days, according to the Javanese calendar. It consists of a huge ceremony centered on the crater of Mount Bromo, into which offerings are thrown. During Kasodo it is estimated that an additional 20\_25,000 people enter the park, mainly Hindus from other parts of the Tengger region. \par The Tenggerese have a strong sense of their separate identity from the lowland Javanese who surround them, and while not antagonistic to outsiders, they are self\_contained and conservative. This caution is evident in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 hukum adat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 (traditional law), which in some areas has been used to great effect to limit the incursion of outsiders into the villages. For instance, in Ngadisari there is a long\_standing village law that prevents non\_ Tenggerese from buying land or from renting it for more than a year, a restriction which apparently predates the advent of large\_scale tourism. Similar arrangements have been reached more recently in Ngadas and Ranu Pani. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Tourism to Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Tourism to Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 The national park is highly valuable to the province of East Java because of its tourism potential. Bromo, less than two hours from the main highway is a convenient stopover point for tourists on overland tours of Java and Bali. With its dramatic landscape of volcanic craters and the sandsea, combined with the cool moun tain air and upland agriculture, the area makes an interesting contrast to the hot climate and rice\_ paddy landscape of the lowlands. It also attracts large numbers of domestic visitors from Surabaya and other large cities, particularly on Sundays and public holidays. The majority of visitors drive to Ngadisari, the closest village, and ride a horse or walk to the foot of the Bromo crater. From there, it is a steep climb up steps to the rim, traditionally visited at sunrise. There is another viewpoint at Mou n t Penanjakan, which is mainly visited from the secondary tourist center of Tosari/Wonokitr. Many people stay one night in Ngadisari or Tosari, while others drive through the night to arrive in time for dawn, leaving again afterwards. An increasing number of tourists visit Bromo during the day. The great majority of visitors pass through Ngadisari or Wonokitri, with a smaller number staying at Ranu Pani en route to climb Mount Semeru, which takes a minimum of two days. \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af40\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af40 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4335692 Table 1: Visitors to Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru National Park \par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1907\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 Year\cell Domestic\cell %\cell Foreign\cell %\cell Total\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af38\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1907\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv \brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 1976/77\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 13,113\cell 77.5%\cell 3,799\cell 22.5%\cell 16,912\cell }\pard \ltrpar \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 1990/91\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 66,539\cell 72.4%\cell 25,352\cell 27.6%\cell 91,891\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 1991/92\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 84,898\cell 74.7%\cell 28,792\cell 25.3%\cell 113,690\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh70\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 1992/93\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 98,728\cell 74.3%\cell 34,113\cell 25.7%\cell 132,841\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trrh70\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 1993/94\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 87,118\cell 73.3%\cell 31,713\cell 26.7%\cell 118,831\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 1994/95\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 88,484\cell 68.5%\cell 40,653\cell 31.5%\cell 129,137\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 1995/96\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 91,459\cell 70.8%\cell 37,689\cell 29.2%\cell 129,148\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow7\irowband7\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1008\clshdrawnil \cellx900\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1530\clshdrawnil \cellx2430\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350\clshdrawnil \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890\clshdrawnil \cellx7560\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1908\clshdrawnil \cellx9468\row }\pard \ltrpar \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 Sources: FAO 1977, Dep. Kehutanan 1996a, Dep. Kehutanan 1996b \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par \par Volume and provenance of visitors}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \v\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Volume and provenance of visitors}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 According to national park statistics taken from sales of entry tickets, the park received 129,148 visitors in 1995/96, of whom almost 30% were foreigners (Table 1). These figures should be treated with some caution, as there is a discrepancy between fig u res from different sources: for instance data from the provincial tourism office indicates that Bromo received 45,830 foreign tourists in 1995 (Diparda 1996) rather than 37,689. There is also an interesting and unlikely decrease in numbers between 1992/93 when formal entry tickets were first issued and better records kept, and the following year, leading one to suspect that by this time methods of \'93hiding\'94 visitors \_ or rather their entry fees \_ had been perfected. The figures do, nevertheless, give some in dication of numbers, and of the ratio of foreign to domestic tourists. The busiest months are July and August, when 27% of visitor arrivals were recorded for 1995/96. Numbers of visitors staying at Ranu Pani/Mount Semeru were calculated at 3,722 in total (1993 data), about 8% of whom were foreigners (Sutito 1994). Table 2 shows the nationality breakdown of visitors to Bromo. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af40\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs18\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af40 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4335692 Table 2: Nationality of visitors to Bromo 1995/96 \par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid4335692 Nationality\cell Numbers\cell %\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Hong Kong\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 13,208 \cell 32.4%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Taiwan\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 6,953\cell 17.1%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 The Netherlands\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 5,003\cell 12.3%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Other European\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 6,464\tab \cell 15.9%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 North America\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 2,131\cell 5.2%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Australia/New Zealand\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 1,976\cell 4.9%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 ASEAN\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 1,383\cell 3.4%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Japan/Korea\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 1,334\cell 3.3%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Other\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 2,192\cell 5.4%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow9\irowband9\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Total\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 40,644\cell \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow10\irowband10\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448\clshdrawnil \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620\clshdrawnil \cellx3960\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1440\clshdrawnil \cellx5400\row }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Source: Dep. Kehutanan 1996a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Economic significance}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \v\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Economic significance}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 In 1995/96 the 129,148 acknowledged visitors paid Rp.246,299,000 in entry fees (US $107,086). This revenue was divided up according to guidelines set out in 1992 legislation covering entry fees to national parks (Table 3). As alre ady mentioned, none of the proceeds return directly to the park. The cost of running the park is Rp.1,279,808,000 ($556,438), about five times as much as the revenue. This funding comes from the central government in one form or another. Revenue from the park will increase when plans to raise the standard entry fee to Rp.5,000 (US$2.20) are implemented in the near future (Sudarmadji 1996 pers. comm.). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid4335692 Table 3: Allocation of park revenue (1995/96) \par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid4335692 Destination of funds\cell Amount (Rp.)\cell %\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 National Treasury\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 36,944,850\cell 15.00%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Ministry of Forestry\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 36,944,850\cell 15.00%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 East Java government\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 73,889,700\cell 30.00%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Kabupaten Probolinggo\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 69,623,600\cell 28.00%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Kabupaten Pasuruan\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 27,102,000\cell 11.00%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Kabupaten Malang\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 1,417,200\cell 0.57%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Kabupaten Lumajang\cell }\pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 376,800\cell 0.15%\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\row \ltrrow}\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 Total:\tab \cell 246,299,000\cell \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4335692 \trowd \irow8\irowband8\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3192\clshdrawnil \cellx3084\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2046\clshdrawnil \cellx5130 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710\clshdrawnil \cellx6840\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4335692 Note: A kabupaten is a sub\_ division of a province. Ngadisari is in Kab. Probolinggo; Tosari/Wonokitri in Kab. Pasuruan; and Ranu Pani is generally accessed from Kap. Malang (although it is actually in Kab. Lumajang). \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Source: PHPA 1992, Dep. Kehutanan 1996a.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\insrsid4335692 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 Far more significant than the entry fee revenues are the amounts of money spent by tourists around Bromo and in the province as a whole. According to the East Java government, Bromo is the \'93primadonna \'94 (sic) of its tourism attractions, being the largest single attraction for foreign visitors. Elsewhere in the province, only the Surabaya Zoo (17,656 visits) received more than 10,000 foreign tourist arrivals \_ compared with the 40,000 or so for Bromo (Dip arda 1996). In 1995 tourism to East Java generated foreign exchange of US$173.98 million. It is clear, therefore, that the park is an extremely important part of the tourism product at both the provincial and national levels. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Survey Findings}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Survey Findings}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 Ranu Pani, Ngadas and Ngadisari all present an attractive appearance, being neatly set out and surrounded by carefully tended agricultural land. All offer spectacular views over steep, farmed slopes to the forests and high mountains of the national park. At Ranu Pani there are two lakes, Ranu Pani and Ranu Regulo. Ngadas is particularly compact, its 325 houses grouped along the top of a ridge. Ranu Pani, with 224 households, and Ngadisari, with 344, are rather strung out, with development along ma i n streets and groups of houses in the fields. Both these villages consist of two principal sections: Ranu Pani Besaran and Ngedok Atas in the first case, and Ngadisari and Cemoro Lawang in the second. Cemoro Lawang is important as the part of Ngadisari wh e re most tourism is located. Many of the Ngadisari people have a house in both Cemoro Lawang and Ngadisari, which are about two kilometers apart, and sometimes even a third in their fields for overnight use. This is partly for convenience, and partly becau s e when people have spare cash they spend it on houses. Access to Ngadisari is by a good quality road built by the provincial government to facilitate tourism. There are roads to the other two villages which are already deteriorating, despite having only b een surfaced in 1990 (Ngadas) and 1993 (Ranu Pani). \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Tourism facilities}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Tourism facilities}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 Fifty\_six households in Ngadisari were reported to provide board and lodging for tourists in 1977 (FAO 1977), at which time the majority of tourists stayed with villagers as there was only one hotel. By 1990/91 two more hotels had opened in Cemoro Lawang and one in the lower part of the village, so that tourists now generally stay with the villagers only when the hotels are full. At these times, they use one of t he three official homestays or the numerous unofficial ones. The first hotel was built in 1974/5 on land leased from the Ministry of Forestry, and is owned by a businessman from outside the area. The owner of the most popular budget hotel came to the area as a PHPA ranger and married locally, while the other is owned by a Tenggerese. There are 20\_25 cafes, restaurants and mobile food\_stalls in Cemoro Lawang, around half of which are operated by non\_Tenggerese. \par In Ranu Pani most of the Indonesian mountain c limbers either stay in one of the two climbing huts provided, or they camp out. A few of the foreign tourists also camp. A few people stay at the PHPA post, although this is dirty and lacks water. Most of the foreigners and a few Indonesians stay at a ho mestay in Ranu Pani run by a lowland Javanese couple who came to the village as school teachers and are now retired. They received almost 300 visitors in 1996. \par There are 450 registered horses in Ngadisari, around one-third of which are owned by people in ne ighboring villages. The horsemen congregate at Cemoro Lawang before dawn, waiting for riders. In the busy season they may provide two to three rides per day. If a large group is due, the tour operators phone key members of a horse\_ owners association so that enough horses will be waiting for the group on arrival. There are also around 70 jeeps. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Results of visitors\rquote survey}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Results of visitors\rquote survey}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 The visitors\rquote survey attempted to establish a profile of both foreign and domestic tourists in terms of their length of stay, expenditure, age, nationality, activities in the park and opinions. Some difficulty was experienced with surveying the Hong Kong and Taiwanese tourists because they only stay about two hours. However, from observation it is clear th at their behavior resembles that of Indonesian visitors rather than other foreigners, in that they stay for a shorter time and travel in larger groups. \par According to the national park statistics, in an average low-season week around 600 foreign tourists and around 1200 Indonesian tourists arrive. During a week\_ long survey in January questionnaires were filled in by 51 foreign tourists, and by 46 Indonesian visitors. The average group size of foreign visitors was 2.1 people, and of Indonesians 12.7 people. T he average length of stay in the Bromo area was 1.65 days for foreign visitors, and 0.85 of a day for Indonesian visitors. The majority of tourists were on independently organized tours and aged under 35. \par Reasons cited by Indonesian tourists for visiting B romo were: recreation, relaxation, to see the sunrise, to see the volcano and the view, to practice English with foreign tourists, and to amuse the children. The most common motivation for foreign tourists was to see an active volcano, followed by enjoyme nt of the cool air. As negative aspects, several Indonesians mentioned the smell of horse manure and excessive litter, while foreign tourists\rquote most frequent complaints were about the litter, overcharging, and \_ for those who came on a Sunday \_ overcrowding at the crater rim. Activities of all the tourists centered on riding or walking to the Bromo crater. Foreign tourists were more inclined to do other walks around the mountains or the village. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Results of residents\rquote survey}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Results of residents\rquote survey}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 The topics covered in the semi\_ structured interviews with residents were: household composition and history, religion, education and participation in cultural activities; agricultural strategies and any other work, including tourism; use of wood and othe r fuel; and attitude to the protected area. In Ranu Pani and Ngadas, the villagers were hospitable and open, but in Ngadisari responses were much less freely\_ given. This reticence is not, as might be thought, due to the presence of tourists, but is a cultural characteristic also noted by other researchers in the past. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Livelihood strategies}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \v\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Livelihood strategies}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 With the exception of school teachers and a small number of other civil servants from outside the region, all residents of the three villages are engaged in agriculture. The majority are landowners, with plots ranging from a fraction of a hectare to 5 ha. A frequently\_cited holding was one to two hectares. A small number of families \_ fewer than ten in each village \_ do not own land. The principal cash\_crops are a type of large spring onion called \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 bawang pre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 \'94, potatoes, cabbage, and a bean called \'93}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 bungok}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 \'94 (very like a broad bean). Maize is grown as a foodcrop. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 Bawang pre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 is popular for a number of reasons: it requires little capital to cultivate , plants can be harvested whenever cash is needed, and the inputs needed to look after it are relatively low. In Ngadisari, some farmers remarked that they grew }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 bawang pre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 because it needs so little attention, leaving them free to operate the horse transport to Bromo crater. \par The most lucrative crop in Ranu Pani and Ngadas is garlic, which is frequently intercropped with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 bawang pre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 . In Ngadisari, the farmers claimed that garlic is not successful \_ although during the survey a small number of experimental pl ots were noted. There was a greater variety of crops in Ngadisari, with peas, tomatoes and runner beans observed in addition to the others. The inputs needed to cultivate potatoes, garlic and cabbages are high in terms of labor, fertilizer and pesticides, and several farmers reported that the need for chemical inputs was increasing every year. The land in Ngadisari was noticeably less intensively farmed than in the other two villages, and more labor from outside the village was employed. People there who d o not own land are no longer willing to work as day\_ laborers because the wages are less than earnings from tourism. The crops are usually sold through wholesalers who come to the villages. There is considerable fluctuation in prices: for instance the price of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 bawang pre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 in Ranu Pani had fallen from Rp.1,000/kg. to Rp.100/kg. over a year period. \par About half the families interviewed kept livestock: generally cows, pigs, goats or chickens. Most of the animals live in sheds in the fields rather than being allowe d to roam around, necessitating the daily collection of grass as fodder, although in Ranu Pani some cows and goats were taken to graze in the protected area. In Ngadisari, over three\_ quarters of the households keep at least one horse for taking tourists to Mount Bromo. \par The villagers in Ranu Pani and Ngadas go to their fields at fairly regular times: 7 till 2 in Ranu Pani, and 9 till 4 in Ngadas. In Ngadisari, however, there is much less regularity: the men usually take the horses out for the first shift of tourists from 4 am till 8, then go to their fields only if it appears no more tourists will arrive that day. Meanwhile the women do much of the farming and wood collection. \par Much of the cultivated land is extremely steep, particularly in Ngadas, where villagers grow crops on slopes of over 55 degrees. Concern has been expressed by outside observers about the high levels of erosion, with many examples of cross\_ contour cultivation. The roadside ditches in Ranu Pani were full of black topsoil, and at the edge o f the lake signs of siltation were obvious. In Ngadas, the fields at the top of slopes often now consist of a reddish, stony subsoil, with the blacker lower slopes showing where the original topsoil has been deposited. In some cases, attempts have been ma d e to stem erosion by planting crops in a herringbone pattern, with a coarse grass planted along the rows and trees at the edge of plots, but no effort is made to terrace the slopes, apparently because the resulting cultivable land area would be smaller (D w i Cahyono pers. comm. 1996). In many places the soil is extremely deep, which has so far masked the effects of erosion. However the rates of soil loss are almost certainly not sustainable, as intensive farming has only been practiced in Ranu Pani and Ngad as since the early 1970s when vehicular tracks were bulldozed into the area, allowing better access to markets and encouraging greater productivity. Despite the indications of environmental stress \_ erosion, increasing use of chemical inputs, crop failures \_ the villagers report that there has been no research or extension work by the Ministry of Agriculture. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Culture, religion and education}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \v\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Culture, religion and education}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 All the villages practice \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 kuda lumping}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 \'94, a form of trance\_dancing. The groups pe rform several times a year, and in Ranu Pani do so for the tourists on demand. The fee for each performance is Rp.50,000\_70,000 ($20\_ $30). Ngadisari also has a dance group which performs at Hindu festivals, and in Ngadas there are several trained dancing horses, which perform on special occasions. In Ngadas, until about five years ago, there used to be \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf0\insrsid4335692 ludruk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 \'94, a form of Javanese theatre, but this seems to have died out due to lack of leadership. None of these cultural forms are unique to the Tengger peopl e except for the dances performed by the Ngadisari group. \par Only elementary school education is available in the villages. In Ranu Pani one Tenggerese person has completed tertiary education, and in Ngadas none have. The inclination to send children to high school is rather low in Ranu Pani, partly because of the expense of paying for board and lodging as well as school fees. In Ngadas the attitude towards education has clearly changed within the last few years: the villagers have organized themselves a for mal but unofficial junior high school program, under a scheme run by the Ministry of Education and Culture. In Ngadisari, there is a greater desire for education, with a majority of the children continuing to at least junior high school level. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Utilization of the National Park}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \v\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Utilization of the National Park}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 In Ranu Pani and Ngadas, the major use of the national park is for fuel collection. Over 90% of the households visited in these two villages used only wood for cooking. There was occasional additio nal use of kerosene stoves in Ranu Pani, and of charcoal in Ngadas. The wood stoves are the focal point of the home, where people congregate when not working in order to keep warm. The fire is also important for drying out the garlic bulbs, which hang in the rafters above the stove. \par All the households need one bundle of firewood per day (about as much as a person can carry), and over 70% of respondents in Ranu Pani and Ngadas openly reported collecting wood in the protected area. They all stated that they only collected dead wood, as they could be caught and fined by the PHPA if they cut green wood. However, none interviewed actually knew anyone who had been caught, and as PHPA rangers rarely venture into the forest, it seems unlikely that fear of a fine i s a real deterrent. There are numerous woodcutting trails into the protected area, and people were observed carrying wood which appeared to have died extremely recently. Nevertheless, several trips by the research team into the protected forest around all three villages failed to produce any clear sign of recently\_felled living trees, and indeed there were several dead ones near the villages which had not been utilized. \par Most of the respondents in Ngadas and Ranu Pani claimed to take firewood from their own land as well as from the forest, but the intensity of land cultivation and the relative scarcity of the trees indicate a heavy reliance on the protected area for fuelwood. Many people said that they planted trees on their own land, and there were stands o f casuarina trees \_ preferred for both building and firewood \_ along the boundaries of many of the fields, including some recently planted ones. People were also observed planting casuarina and acacia seedlings in the protected forest bordering their own fi elds. There has been some reforestation of bare slopes around Ranu Pani, mainly thanks to the efforts of one particular family. Most respondents said they participated in reforestation schemes when asked to by PHPA, but it appeared that this happened only once a year in Ranu Pani, and had happened twice in the preceding 15 years in Ngadas. Acacia is generally used for these schemes. In late 1996 the national park office gave 15 hectares to Ngadas as community forest land, on condition that it was planted w ith acacia for use as fuelwood. However, it is too early to tell whether this scheme will be successful in reducing pressure on other parts of the park. \par The situation in Ngadisari is different. There is a higher rate of use of LPG, kerosene and charcoal for cooking and for warmth, and as villagers do not plant garlic, heating is not required to dry the bulbs. There are far more casuarina trees on people \rquote s land, which makes claims that most fuelwood comes from this source more convincing. The greatest use of the national park here is as a source of fodder for the horses and other livestock. Much of the grass is collected by men from other villages around the Tengger region, with 30\_ 40 men cutting and selling two or three loads of grass per day in the busy tourist season when the horsemen are too busy taking rides to collect their own grass. Each load of grass sells for Rp.4,000\_5,000 ($1.75\_$2.20). \par The villagers in all three places were asked their opinion of the functions of the national park. In Ranu Pani alm ost a quarter of respondents cited tourism or recreation as a principal function, including two people who remarked that the trees should be preserved so more tourists would come. In Ngadas, no positive connection between the park and tourism was made, wh ile in Ngadisari people almost universally thought it was for tourism. Despite this, no correlation was made in Ngadisari between tourism and actual conservation of the park. For instance, PHPA\rquote s efforts to restrict vehicular access to the crater had been a bandoned because of demand from the tourists and jeep drivers, and although the areas of the village on view to tourists were kept fairly clean and arrangements made to reduce the amount of horse manure on the tourist trails, substantial amounts of rubbis h were thrown down the caldera wall out of sight of the tourists. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Involvement with tourism}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \v\fs24\ul\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Involvement with tourism}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 As mentioned, Ngadas has practica lly no tourism, Ranu Pani is the base village for trekking up Mount Semeru, and Ngadisari receives thousands of tourists per year. The villagers in Ngadas, not surprisingly, report little contact with tourists: four houses in the village receive visitors f or overnight stays on rare occasions. Tourists do, however, pass through Ngadas on their way into the park, mostly heading for Ranu Pani and Mount Semeru, and some hope was expressed by village officials that this passing market could be tapped in some wa y. In Ranu Pani slightly under half the households reported some contact with tourists, through portering (36%), performing in the kuda lumping groups (14%), or driving tourists in a jeep (one family). Some people also engage in more than one tourism \_r elated activity. There was a general wish here for more tourism because of the economic opportunities offered, and two informants said that it was due to tourism that the government was making infrastructure improvements such as the surfaced road and elec tricity, due in 1997. Three young villagers per year were being funded by the village to attend a tourism training course. \par Before the field survey, several people in government offices had commented that the Tenggerese were too wealthy from their agricultur e to bother with tourism, but the survey demonstrated that this was not the case. In Ngadisari, every single family interviewed was involved in tourism. This mainly took the form of taking visitors to the crater on horses, for which they earn between Rp.1 0,000\_20,000 ($4.35\_ $8.70) per trip, depending on the season and the bargaining skills of the tourists. With between one and three rides per day, their income from this source is therefore considerable. Another source of income is from the jeeps. According to another village law, only Tenggerese people are allowed to own horses and jeeps for use with the tourists, which, as with the landownership law, is an effective means of keeping control over the basic facilities of tourism. \par Many people also rented rooms to tourists, but generally only during the Kasodo and other public holidays. For this they receive substantial amounts: Rp.50,000\_70,000 ($22\_ $30) for a small, dark room and primitive sanitation. Most of the staff currently working in the hotels are from outside the region. The reasons given for this were that the local people can make more money by taking horses out with the tourists, and that they lacked sufficient education. However, this situation is likely to change in time, as several of the famili es interviewed indicated that their children wanted to get qualifications to work in tourism in the future. \par As a further conclusive indication of the importance of tourism to the local economy, several informants commented that they now earned as much or m ore from tourism as from agriculture. Their managerial control over tourism however is low, as the tour operators who bring groups to the area are all based outside it, and individual tourists base their decisions on where to visit on word\_of\_ mouth or guidebook recommendations. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Environmental impacts of tourism and the PHPA}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li240\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Environmental impacts of tourism and the PHPA}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru\rquote s conservation value in terms of species protection is low, and since wildlife is so rare it suffers little distur bance from tourism. Greater threats come from trapping of birds to sell in the towns and from occasional hunting of wild pigs. There is concern that the practice of allowing jeeps and other vehicles to drive across the sandsea is having a detrimental effe c t on the ecology of the caldera floor, but the jeeps tend to stay on the same tracks so the damage is limited in extent. The collection of grass is helping to preserve the dramatic landscape the tourists come to see, but is preventing the natural process of vegetative succession. \par The PHPA has a somewhat lackadaisical attitude to park protection. This cannot be entirely ascribed to under\_staffing, as even the small numbers of staff present would be much more effective at preventing violations of park regulat ions if they went into the protected area occasionally. In Ranu Pani, there is only one PHPA ranger, who does not have full civil servant status. In Ngadas, there is also one, and in Ngadisari six. The ranger in Ranu Pani admitted that he never went out o n patrol, and in Ngadas the ranger was never observed to do so. In Ranu Pani and Ngadas, checks on vehicles entering the park are infrequent and inadequate. \par In Ngadisari, there are numerous scams concerning sale of entry tickets to the park, all designed to divert money from the tourists into private pockets. Considerable under\_ reporting also occurs on the numbers of jeeps entering the sandsea from Cemoro Lawang, for which Rp.12,500 ($5.40) is paid per entry. The PHPA Visitors\rquote Centre in Cemoro Lawang was o nly open once during the 10 day field visit, when an appointment had been made by the author. The head of the PHPA in Cemoro Lawang owns the most popular budget hotel and restaurant, and has recently opened a more upmarket establishment on the rim of the caldera, on national park land. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Discussion}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Discussion}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 The study was designed to find out whether tourism focussing on a protected area can contribute to community development and to conservation, and to identify the factors which help it do so. A se condary consideration was to contribute to the debate on whether participatory, community\_based ecotourism is a realistic strategy for NGOs to follow in establishing income\_generating projects. \par The Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru study supports the hypothesis that, under certain conditions, nature tourism can be directly and indirectly beneficial to people\rquote s economic, social and cultural welfare. It is quite clear from people\rquote s houses, material possessions and foods that the residents of Ngadisari are wealthier than t hose in Ngadas or Ranu Pani. Awareness of the need for education is higher, and the number of people reporting infant deaths in the family is lower. These factors are almost certainly not due to greater agricultural productivity, since the land is less in tensively farmed and the average farmland per family is no greater. Furthermore, tourism has clearly motivated the local government to make improvements in the infrastructure. \par It is not new to say that tourism is responsible for generating economic wealth. What is interesting about the Bromo\_Tengger\_ Semeru case is that the community with the most tourism, Ngadisari, has remained the principal beneficiary of the direct economic impacts by retaining firm control over ownership of tourism services. This appears to be the key element in ensuring their prosperity. Another key factor arising from the study is that tourism has to occur on a medium to large-scale relative to the size of the host community in order for it to make a useful contribution to development. Furthermore \_ and this is an obvious point sometimes overlooked in ecotourism project planning \_ there has to be a good attraction easily accessible by tourists. \par In the regard to conservation benefits, the picture is more complicated. On the one hand, it appears that tourism\_ generated wealth enables people in Ngadisari to buy alternatives to fuelwood, and in Ranu Pani some people made a clear link between tourism and conservation. On the other hand, tourist vehicles are creating unsightly tracks in the san dsea, and the collection of grass is interfering with the natural ecology of the park. In theory, the outstanding contribution of Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru to East Java\rquote s economy should result in increased political will to ensure the park\rquote s long\_term ecologica l health, but apart from a few investments in infrastructure no effort is expended on park protection by the local government. This is partly because the area is seen as the responsibility of the PHPA, but all the villages lie outside the park boundary an d there is nothing to prevent extension work in them by other agencies. It is a pity that the interests of PHPA field staff focus more on making money than on their official duty of protecting the park, and that at a more senior level these abuses are not regulated. Such obvious and public negligence is bad for Indonesia\rquote s conservation record. It also contributes to the conclusion that the link between tourism and conservation is tenuous, and that ecotourism \_ or other income\_generating projects \_ is unlikely on its own to improve conservation of the target area. Official policy support in the form of government regulations and incentives are essential. Also essential, since these regulations often already exist, is effective enforcement. \par Where there is littl e prospect for developing tourism, such as in Ngadas, other strategies have to be found for protecting the forest. In this case, rather than proposing unrealistic tourism schemes, it would be more effective to increase the availability of long\_ term sources of fuelwood, introduce fuel\_saving technologies such as low\_ wattage electric stoves, and improve agricultural methods, particularly through soil erosion-control measures, terracing, crop diversification, and reduction of dependency of chemical inputs. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 On the subject of community\_based ecotourism, the response is again mixed \_ or at least the conclusions do not entirely concur with current development theories. Tourism to Mount Bromo is rooted in the community to the extent that the Tenggerese are benefiting from the industry through their individual involvement in tourism\_ related enterprises. They are able, by their traditional laws, to restrict the incursion of outsiders and the overdevelopment which has resulted in negative impacts in other places. However, their level of participation in decision\_ making and management is limited, since they are not involved in promotion and are not in control of the level of tourism occurring. As negative environmental and cultural impacts currently appear to be low, it appears that a high level of participation in the industry (through ownership of facilities and the ability to profit from private enterprise), coupled with strong local identity and laws, are more important for success and sustainability than involvement in policy and management. Of course, the Tenggerese are fortunate in having a unique, world\_class attraction and a strong community identity, while the national park has a relatively robust ecology. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Literature Cited}{\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\sb113\sa227\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\v\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\tc { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid4335692 Literature Cited}}}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qj \fi-340\li340\ri0\sa170\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin340\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 Carroll, T.F. 1991. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Intermediary NGOs: the supporting link in grassroots development}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . Kumarian Press. Connecticut. \par Cochrane, J. 1993.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Gunung Leuser National Park Ecotourism Survey, report for Leuser Development Programme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . Medan, Indonesia \par Cochrane, J., K. MacKenzie and J. Ratcliffe. 1994. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Feasibility Study for Microenterprise Development in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, preliminary report for The Nature Conservancy}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . Jakarta, Indonesia \par Department Kehutanan, Direktorat Jendral Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam, Taman Nasional Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru. 1992/93a. Laporan Pengkajian Zonasi Taman Nasional Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru, Buku I, (National park zonation report) \par Departemen Kehutanan, Direktorat Jendral Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam, Taman Nasional Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru. 1992/93b. Laporan Identifikasi Daerah Penyangga Taman Nasional Bromo\_Tengger\_ Semeru (National park buffer zone identification report) \par Departemen Kehutanan, Direktorat Jendral Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam, Taman Nasional Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru. 1996a. Laporan Tahunan 1995/1996 Taman Nasional Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru, Malang. (Annual national park report) \par Departemen Kehutanan, Direktorat Jendral Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam, Taman Nasional Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru, 1996b. Pot ensi dan Permasalahan Pemanfaatan Serta Pengembangan Obyek Wisata Alam, presented at: Rapat Koordinasi Pemanfaatan Obyek Wisata Alam, 5\_6 November \par Durrell Institute for Conservation Ecology. 1995. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Ecotourism in Komodo National Park, preliminary report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . University of Canterbury \par Diparda: Dinas Pariwisata Daerah, 1996. Pariwisata Dalam Angka 1995 (Tourism statistics 1995), Surabaya \par Douglas, N., 1996. Tourism in the South Pacific. Lecture at University of Humberside, UK, 6 June \par Dwi Cahyono, Ir. E., 1996. Researcher into Tenggerese farming methods, Environmental Research Centre, Brawijaya University, Malang, pers. comm. \par East Asia Today, 5 February 1997. BBC World Service \par Ediwijoto, B., 1996. Kebijaksanaan dan Strategi Pengembangan Obyek Wisata Alam (Policy and strategy for nature tourism), during Co\_ordinating meeting for management of nature tourism, 5\_ 6 November 1996, Banyuwangi, organised by Regional Office of the Ministry of Forestry, East Java \par FAO, 1977. Proposed Bromo\_Tengger\_Gunung Semeru Mountain National Park, East Java. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Field Report of UNDP/FAO Nature Conservation and Wildlife Management Project INS/73/013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . Bogor \par FAO, 1980. Bromo\_Tengger\_Gunung Semeru Proposed National Park, Management Plan 1981\_85. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Field Report of the UNDP/FAO National Park development project, INS/78/061}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . Bogor \par Frey, R. and M. Gelbert, 1995. Project Proposal for Bohorok Sustainable Development Programme \par Jakarta Post, December 31, 1996 \par Leakey, R., 1995. In Richard Leakey \_ Africa\rquote s Wildlife Warrior, BBC2 television, 12 July 1995 \par Lindberg, K. 1991. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Policies for maximising nature tourism\rquote s ecological and economic benefits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . World Resources Institute \par PHPA: Direktorat Jendral Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam, 1992. Kumpulan Peraturan tentang Pungutan da n Iuran Bidang Pariwisata Alam serta Pungutan Masuk Kawasan Pariwisata Alam (Regulations on fees for entry to national parks), Jakarta, Ministry of Forestry \par Pretty, J., 1995. The Many Interpretations of Participation, In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Focus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 , Summer Issue. Tourism Concern. Wimbeldon. \par Sproule, K. and A. Suhandi, 1994. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Eco\_Cultural Tourism Development on Siberut, Jakarta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . Ministry of Forestry, Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation \par Sudarmadji, Ir., 1996. Head of Bromo\_Tengger\_Semeru National Park, pers. comm. \par Sumardja, E.A., 1995. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 National Parks and Foreign Aid, Conservation Indonesia Vol.10, No.4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . Jakarta: Worldwide Fund for Nature \par Sutito, A.S.B., 1994. Visitor Use Management at Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, East Java, Indonesia, unpublished MSc thesis, North Dakota State University \par Wells, M.P., 1996. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Economic Perspectives on Nature Tourism, Conservation and Development}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 . World Bank. Washington D.C. \par Wheeller, B., 1991. Tourism\rquote s Troubled Times: Responsible Tourism is not the Answer. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4335692 Tourism Management}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 , June, pp.91\_96 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \fi302\li0\ri0\sa113\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\insrsid4335692 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af38 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4335692 \par }}