The mood of the event was decidedly celebratory, with friends, family, students, and colleagues alike partaking in food, beverages, and conversation in honour of Prof. Chapdelaine’s accomplishment. Bob Tarantino kicked the event off by contextualizing Prof. Chapdelaine’s work within the copyright user rights discussion, which has been of growing importance in the IP community since the Supreme Court of Canada’s pronouncement in – adopting the language of Prof. – that exceptions to copyright infringement are best understood as users’ rights. Mr. Tarantino noted that Prof. Chapdelaine’s book provides an answer to the question, what are user rights with respect to copyright, and thus Prof. Chapdelaine’s new book is a valuable resource for user rights critics, advocates, and fence-sitters alike.

Prof. Chapdelaine commenced her talk by thanking her friends, family, and colleagues for their support throughout her career. Prof. Chapdelaine also noted the influence her diverse background has had on her work; she having spent years in private practice in Montreal as well as in-house counsel for Bell Media and BCE Inc, and holding an LLB and BCL from McGill Universty, an LLM from KU Leuven Faculty of Law in Belgium, and a PhD from Osgoode Hall Law School.

In her book, Prof. Chapdelaine sets out to define what copyright user rights actually entail – particularly in a society where the modes of cultural consumption are increasingly dematerialized and digitized. In other words, Prof. Chapdelaine’s work examines how Western legal traditions can (and should) conceptualize and uphold copyright user rights as society’s modes of consumption move away from ownership of tangibles (e.g. books, CDs, etc.) and towards access to intangibles (e.g. streaming, e-books, etc.)?

In the Canadian legal context, the logical extension of the preceding question is: how can and should the legislature and judiciary give effect to the Supreme Court of Canada’s pronouncement in , whilst still upholding the balance between the public interest and the rights of authors expounded by the Supreme Court in ? Prof. Chapdelaine also sets out to answer the corollary question: if exceptions to copyright infringement are user rights, what obligations are imposed on copyright owners by the existence of such rights?

In answering all of the above questions, Prof. Chapdelaine adopts a theoretical framework grounded in copyright law but informed by property, contract, and consumer law, and applies it to practical situations, resulting in a comprehensive perspective on copyright user rights. In so doing, Prof. Chapdelaine problematizes the dichotomies of tangible/intangible works, and copyright owner/user in attempts to show how misunderstandings of such dichotomies influence the various arguments for and against copyright user rights.

If you find the above questions and conceptions intriguing than I suggest you get yourself a copy of Prof. Chapdelaine’s new book – I know I sure will!

Stephen Cooley is an IPilogue Editor and a JD Candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School.

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After the spate of hand-wringing among panelists about the lack of a coherent moral centre in IP laws, I thought I would play the devil’s advocate to defend the existence of one — albeit the antithesis of what reformers in general seem in all likelihood to be targeting.

From “integrated code” to “moral-centred code”

In 2009, Prof. Vaver on the codification of all IP rights under one single instrument, what he called a way overdue project. The that protect different types of IP, Prof. Vaver adduced, may be doomed for want of harmonization. As a result, the unification of IP laws into an integrated code was complemplated as a solution that would likely prevent the independent statutes from falling prey to their own incoherencies with one another.

Almost a decade afar from that lecture, the scholarly panelists suggest that IP laws must progress in a more radical way. They claim that IP must (re)gain moral authority to sustain its credibility in light of current social values such as “democratized access”. In this context, and have arisen as the cornerstones of the IP moral centre.

What are fair IP laws?

Prof. , one of the scholarly panelists, proposed that fairness in IP involves, in essence, resisting property rights fundamentalism. Further, Prof. Amani explained, it involves steering away from an author-centric protective approach and focusing more on the . Fair IP laws, thus, imply striking the right balance in the amount of protection warranted to inventors, so as to ease the tension between consumers and individual creators.

The pursuit of such balance, the panelists asserted in unison, have been addressed by theorists and practitioners by employing the language of “,” “,” and “”. Justice Roger Hughes, formerly of the Federal Court of Canada, remarked that the adoption of these new paradigm expressions — which are nowhere in any IP statute in Canada except in the — indicate that reform is way overdue to better accommodate this new branch of rights in light of current social values.

The panelists suggested that such a development may involve subjecting IP protection and enforcement to minimum . This, they claimed, would favour (a) proper , so that the benefits of an invention would be adequately shared between those who create and those who distribute; (b) between classes of ; (c) equal treatment to competitors in the market; (e) , and patent trolling; and, (f) deterrence of lobbyist and industry pressures from using innovation for political and oppressive purposes in the allocation of power and wealth.

A final recommendation from the panel was that collective values such as  and be . That, it was submitted, is what will allow IP to stay in place. Hence, asking the right questions was proposed as an incremental step in the process of helping IP law (re)gain its moral centre.

A contrarian view

Shifting IP moral centre all at once may nevertheless be a daunting prospect. Such a shift may represent a disincentive for inventors and, to that extent, may with economic downfalls as a result of wealth and jobs cutbacks. So, when asking the right questions towards social goals, caution is needed not to impart an idea of “a whole day’s work for nix” that is prone to halt innovation.

All things considered, it seems in all fairness that IP laws do not lack a moral centre altogether. At the core of IP laws lays, at the very least, the encouragement of human abilities to create, innovate and foster significant advancements for the betterment of the society. The World Intellectual Property Organization (“WIPO”) ad nauseam how protection and enforcement of IP rights are vital to social development and economic growth across industries.

The mandate of minimal public interest requirements needs to be taken with a grain of salt in the face of the that strong IP systems have on a nation’s economy.

“Fuel for the Fire of Genius or Shelf Life of a Banana”?

The panelists suggested that a broad range of social values should steer a new statutory model for IP. Under this , , balance is necessary, and dissemination of distribution is the chief goal. Ultimately, a framework that is not prohibitive of fair dealing is needed. They claimed IP should fashionably mimic the social justice trend in the legal system to recognize the , to allow people to compete, , and to .

While modernization of IP laws is needed, stretching its moral boundaries to cause a radical breach of the traditional scheme conceived as may be off limits. The current shows that innovation and businesses travel swiftly across borders. As a result, it may be unwarranted to employ ill-defined, underdeveloped  public interest requirements in the IP space if this may decelerate progress and make inventors’ creations tantamount to the shelf life of a banana.

Bruna D. Kalinoski is an IPilogue Editor. She has health science background from two years attending Dentistry School, holds an LL.M. degree from 91��ɫ (Osgoode's Canadian Common Law program), an LL.B. degree from the Federal University of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and is a member of the Brazilian Bar Association. 

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