The study, published this summer, examined the effects of exercises that build positivity on more than 250 participants. It found that people with needy personalities reported lower self-esteem after listening to three or four uplifting songs of their choosing every day over the course of a week.

Needy individuals suffer from deep insecurities and need interpersonal support to ward off acute feelings of despair and loneliness. They tend to be submissive in interpersonal relationships, feel helpless and fear abandonment.

鈥淲e were quite surprised at this result,鈥� says study lead author Myriam Mongrain (right), professor of psychology in 91亚色鈥檚 Faculty of Health. 鈥淯ntil now, the vast majority of studies have suggested that positive psychology exercises result in either improvements for participants or no change over time. This result hints that self-help exercises may actually be detrimental for those with needy personalities,鈥� she says.

Study participants were randomly assigned one of three daily exercises: recalling five things that they were grateful for over the course of the day; listening to three or four uplifting songs of their choosing; or writing about a specific memory from their early life (the latter was used as a control exercise). Participants then completed questionnaires to measure changes in their mood and outlook; these same measures were administered at intervals of one, three and six months post-study.

Those with needy personalities reported no significant benefits from the gratitude exercise, while the music exercise dragged them down further. Highly self-critical individuals experienced the greatest improvement to their subjective happiness when they practiced the gratitude exercise. They also demonstrated a larger increase in self-esteem and greater decrease in physical symptom severity in both the gratitude condition and the music condition.

鈥淲e hypothesized that listening to happy music was a kind of self-soothing that would benefit people with needy personalities. However, this independent activity, which involved no interaction with others, may have had a negative effect on participants,鈥� says Mongrain.

鈥淣eedy people rely on secure intimate bonds with others in order to experience well-being, and they may have felt frustrated with the lack of improvement and expressed their disappointment on the outcome measures. Given these results, one-on-one counselling is likely more appropriate for this personality type.鈥�

The study was published in August 2011 in the Journal of Positive Psychology. It is co-authored by Susan Sergeant, a PhD student in 91亚色鈥檚 Department of Psychology.

Republished courtesy of YFile鈥� 91亚色鈥檚 daily e-bulletin.

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The Canadian-born-and-raised Papadopoulos has called Britain home for the past 14 years. She is known there as both a leading academic and as "Dr. Linda", a popular media commentator and adviser to the British government. She has her own skin-care line, LP Skin Therapy, which retails, among other places, in the luxury British department store Harrods.听听

"The skin and the psyche are interconnected. You don't have to be a psychologist to understand the link stress has to your skin," says Papadopoulos, who is the author of eight books, ranging from the academic text Psychodermatology: The Psychological Impact of Skin Disorders to Mirror Mirror: Dr. Linda's Body Image Revolution.听听

Papadopoulos became interested in the effect skin conditions have on personality because her cousin had vitiligo, a relatively rare disorder that causes depigmentation, creating light patches of skin. "She went from being open to being very quiet," she recalls.听听

"You realize that in our beauty obsessed society, if you look less than perfect, it can have a profound impact on your self-esteem. Girls feel valued by how they look," says Papadopoulos, who did her undergraduate degree at Toronto's 91亚色 before moving to Britain to do graduate work. She is a correspondent to the BBC and CNN, and a contributing editor to Cosmopolitan magazine's British edition.听听

Listen to your skin and realize it is a reflection of more than beauty, she urges.听听

One of the best ways to be resilient is to have a self-esteem that goes far beyond how you look, says Papadopoulos, who was commissioned by the British Home Office to write a series of recommendations for the government on the sexualization of children and teens. (Among her recommendations: put warning symbols on magazine spreads that feature photoshopped models, which help convince impressionable girls that praying mantis-skinny is normal.)聽聽

Self-worth has to be built on factors other than good looks, she says. "It should be based on how funny you are, how smart, how well you play the cello."聽聽

Republished courtesy of YFile鈥� 91亚色鈥檚 daily e-bulletin.

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A 91亚色 study found that 鈥� every day for five to 15 minutes for a week 鈥� increased their happiness and self-esteem.

After six months, many were still actively helping others and were reporting that their happiness and self-esteem levels were still up, according to the study, which will be published in the spring edition of the , an international scientific quarterly available online through Springer science and business media.

Myriam Mongrain, associate professor of psychology in 91亚色鈥檚 Faculty of Health and lead author for the study, says 700 people from across Canada were recruited online at the end of 2007 through a Facebook ad and then directed to the survey site, . The age group of respondents ranged from 18 to 73 with 80 per cent women and 20 per cent men.

The data collected on the original respondents 鈥� before they had started the compassion exercise 鈥� showed that the majority were 鈥渄epressed,鈥� says Mongrain.

Of the original 700 recruits, 458 people completed the first week鈥檚 exercise which required them to help or interact with another person every day 鈥� it could be someone they knew or a stranger 鈥� 鈥渋n a supportive and considerate鈥欌�� way. The positive effects on their happiness and self-esteem were 鈥渧ery strong,鈥� says Mongrain.

After three months 260 responded, with the majority saying that they were still performing acts of kindness 鈥� one to three days a week 鈥� and feeling the same positive effects. After six months, which was the end of the study, there were 179 responses with most still doing a good deed one to three days a week and feeling happier for it.

Despite the high drop-out rate, the results indicate that the exercise of performing acts of kindness 鈥渟ustained increases in happiness and self-esteem,鈥欌�� says Mongrain, who had help analyzing the data from co-authors of the study, [91亚色 researchers] Jacqueline Chin and Leah Shapira.

The study, funded by the , was also covered May 17 in the London Free Press and Toronto Sun and May 18 in The Globe and Mail and on 680 News in Toronto.

Posted by Elizabeth Monier-Williams, research communications officer, with files courtesy of YFile 鈥� 91亚色鈥檚 daily e-bulletin.

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More than 700 people took part in a study that聽charted the effects of being nice to others, in small doses, over the course of a week. Researchers asked participants to act compassionately towards someone for 5 to 15 minutes a day, by actively helping or interacting with them in a supportive and considerate manner. Six months later, participants reported increased happiness and self-esteem.

鈥淭he concept of compassion and kindness resonates with so many religious traditions, yet it has received little empirical evidence until recently,鈥� says lead author聽Myriam Mongrain (right),聽professor of psychology in 91亚色鈥檚 Faculty of Health.

鈥淲hat鈥檚 amazing is that the time investment required for these changes to occur is so small. We鈥檙e talking about mere minutes a day,鈥� she says.

Participants鈥� levels of depression, happiness and self-esteem were assessed at the study鈥檚 onset, and at four subsequent points over the following six months; those in the compassionate condition reported significantly greater increases in self-esteem and happiness at six months compared to those in the control group.

So why does doing good for others make us feel good about ourselves?

鈥淭he simplest answer is that doing noble, charitable acts makes us feel better about ourselves. We reaffirm that we are 鈥榞ood鈥�, which is a highly valued trait in our society. It is also possible that being kind to others may help us be kind to ourselves,鈥� Mongrain says. She notes that previous studies have demonstrated a causal relationship between compassionate behaviours and charitable self-evaluations.

鈥淐ompassion cuts both ways,鈥� she says. 鈥淚f you make a conscious decision to not be so hard on others, it becomes easier to not be so hard on yourself. Furthermore, providing support to others often means that we will get support back. That is why caring for and helping others may be the best possible thing we can do for ourselves. On a less selfish level, there is something intrinsically satisfying about helping others and witnessing their gratitude,鈥� says Mongrain.

Not surprisingly, research has also shown that compassionate activities increase the level of meaning in one鈥檚 life, which in turn elevates levels of happiness.

Researchers expected that those with needy personalities would experience greater reductions in depressive symptoms and greater increases in happiness and self-esteem as a result of being kind to others.

鈥淲e hypothesized this would occur as a result of the reassurance [needy personalities] might extract from positive exchanges with others,鈥� Mongrain says. 鈥淲e did see some reduction in depressive symptoms for anxiously attached individuals, but further research is needed to see if there is any long-term benefit.鈥�

The study, 鈥淧ractising Compassion Increases Happiness and Self-Esteem鈥�, is forthcoming in the spring issue of the . It is co-authored by 91亚色 researchers Jacqueline Chin and Leah Shapira.

The research was funded by the .

You can follow the project online at , on Twitter and on Facebook.

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Soraya Mehdizadeh of 100 users at 91亚色 ranging in age from 18-25 years old. Her study, published in the journal Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, found that individuals higher in narcissism and lower in self-esteem spent more time on the site and filled their pages with more self-promotional content.

鈥淲e all know people like this. They鈥檙e updating their status every five minutes and the photos they post are very carefully construed,鈥� says Mehdizadeh. 鈥淭he question is, are these really accurate representations of the individual or are they merely a projection of who the individual wants to be?鈥�

Mehdizadeh says she was struck by the fact that those with lower self-esteem were more apt to use this social networking tool.

鈥淚 believe the next question to be answered is whether or not the use of such websites could be used to improve one鈥檚 self-esteem and overall sense of well-being. This sort of finding may have great implications in the lives of the socially anxious or depressed,鈥� she says.

In the study, five features of participants鈥� Facebook pages were assessed for self-promotion: the 鈥渁bout me鈥� section, the main photo, the first 20 pictures on the 鈥渧iew photos of me鈥� section, notes, and status updates.

For the purpose of the study, self-promotion was defined as any descriptive or visual information that attempted to persuade others about one's own positive qualities. For example, facial expression (striking a pose or making a face) and picture enhancement (using photo editing software) were assessed in the main photo and 鈥渧iew photos of me鈥� sections. The use of positive adjectives, self-promoting mottos, and metaphorical quotes were examined in the 鈥渁bout me鈥� section. Self-promotion in the notes section could include posting results from Facebook applications including 鈥渕y celebrity look-alikes,鈥� which compares a photo of the user to celebrities, or vain online quiz results.

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to measure participants鈥� self-esteem. Narcissism was assessed using the Narcissism Personality Inventory.

Mehdizadeh also looked at the role of gender: she found that men displayed more self-promotional content in the 鈥渁bout me鈥� and notes sections, whereas women demonstrated more self-promotion in the main photo section. No significant difference between the sexes was observed with regards to content in 鈥渧iew photos鈥� or status updates.

The research was conducted as part of Mehdizadeh鈥檚 undergraduate thesis in the Bachelor of Psychology program in 91亚色鈥檚 .

鈥淚 thought this was an interesting way to apply theoretical paradigms in psychology to online self-presentation, which is still a fairly new concept,鈥� she says.

By Melissa Hughes, media relations officer.

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An analysis by researchers from 91亚色鈥檚 Faculty of Health suggests that egotism and low self-esteem may be related to 鈥済reater online activity鈥� among Facebook profiles of users between 18- to 25-years old.

In a report published by cnbc.com, a similar study from San Diego State University also found that 60 per cent of university students surveyed used social networking sites for "self-promotion, narcissism and attention-seeking."

The is available on the International Business Times News Website.

Posted by Elizabeth Monier-Wiliams, research communications officer, with files courtesy of YFile鈥� 91亚色鈥檚 daily e-bulletin.

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