WWF-Canada named 91亚色 as one of seven Canadian post-secondary institutions recognized for translating environmental commitments into conservation initiatives, learning opportunities and community action.

During the 2025-26 academic year, 91亚色's Office of Sustainability, Facilities Services, Biodiversity Working Group, faculty, student organizations and community partners worked collaboratively to advance initiatives spanning ecological restoration, biodiversity conservation, sustainable food systems and environmental leadership.

91亚色 is transforming its campuses into places where environmental action is not only studied but put into practice, says Nicole Arsenault, director, Office of Sustainability. Students, staff, faculty and community members participated in biodiversity monitoring, pollinator garden stewardship, sustainable food programming at the Maloca Garden and Earth Month activities.

Those efforts translated into hands-on sustainability learning and measurable action across 91亚色鈥檚 campuses, including the planting of close to 400 trees and campus cleanups that collected 36 bags of litter.

鈥淥ur campuses are important places for both learning and biodiversity,鈥� says Arsenault. 鈥淓arning the Living Campus certification for a third consecutive year reflects 91亚色鈥檚 ongoing approach to sustainability as something we put into practice across our campuses."

WWF-Canada highlighted 91亚色鈥檚 biodiversity work, including the planting of native vegetation to restore an area of Glendon Campus affected by a water main break.

The University鈥檚 wider habitat enhancement work included naturalization, invasive species management, biodiversity monitoring and stewardship of campus green spaces.

As well, students and staff recorded more than 200 species observations during two inventories of plants, wildlife and other biodiversity on campus.

The Sheila Colla Pollinator Garden 鈥� a memorial garden celebrating the late 91亚色 Professor Sheila Colla 鈥� provides another example of biodiversity in action, bringing together research, remembrance, community participation and conservation to create habitat for pollinators at 91亚色.

Through these initiatives, Arsenault says 91亚色 community members developed knowledge and skills related to ecological restoration, waste reduction, biodiversity conservation and sustainable food systems.

鈥淏y bringing together students, faculty, staff and community partners, we鈥檙e creating opportunities for hands-on learning while restoring habitat, supporting biodiversity and advancing the goals of 91亚色鈥檚 Sustainability Strategy 2030," she says.

The work advances priorities identified in 91亚色鈥檚 Sustainability Strategy 2030, Sustainability Policy, University Academic Plan and Well-being Strategy, as well as its commitment to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

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As governments around the world look for ways to reduce waste and enhance recycling, many are adopting policies known as extended producer responsibility, or EPR. These programs shift the cost of collecting and recycling packaging materials from municipalities and taxpayers to the companies that place them on the market.

Despite increasing adoption across continents, whether those systems reduce costs, improve recycling outcomes or encourage better packaging design remains difficult to determine. Data is often scattered across thousands of reports, studies and submissions, making comparisons challenging.

鈥淎 great deal has been written about packaging EPR. Almost none of it sits in one place,鈥� says Lakhan.

Fragments of information are spread across academic journals, government reports, industry studies and advocacy publications, often presenting competing interpretations of the same issue. Bringing those sources together and making sense of their findings can require significant time and expertise.

Lakhan is addressing this through the Circular Innovation Hub (CIH) by launching the Packaging EPR Library, a free online resource featuring evidence-reviewed articles and an interactive world map.

The library is the first of its kind to bring together research, policy analysis and international comparisons in one place. Organized around common questions, its articles are grouped into nine themes covering topics ranging from program governance and performance measurement to producer fees, packaging design and international policy differences. The aim is to give users a clearer picture of what the evidence says, where experts disagree and what remains unresolved.

鈥淚 wanted somewhere that gathered that material and set out every argument that can be supported by evidence, regardless of who is making it,鈥� says Lakhan.

One distinguishing feature of the Packaging EPR Library is its emphasis on context. Rather than compiling reports and statistics, the library attempts to reconcile and explain them. Recycling and recovery rates, for example, are frequently compared across jurisdictions even when they are calculated using different methodologies. For Lakhan, those differences can make seemingly straightforward comparisons misleading.

The CIH resource categorizes information based on its source and evidentiary basis, distinguishing between empirical findings, modelling results and stakeholder claims. According to Lakhan, the challenge is distinguishing evidence-backed conclusions from unsupported claims. The goal is to let users evaluate the strength of the published data for themselves.

鈥淚n this field, most of the circulating material was produced by someone with a stake in the answer 鈥� and that is true on every side, mine included,鈥� he says.

The library's searchable global map allows users to explore where packaging EPR programs exist, when they were introduced, what materials they cover and how they are administered. The map reflects the fact that many obligations are established at the provincial or state level, so users can compare approaches within countries such as Canada and the U.S.

Lakhan expects the tool will be used most by producers and compliance teams navigating obligations across multiple jurisdictions, as well as municipal and regulatory staff working through program design. Those groups need specific answers quickly, and the library can help efficiently answer practical questions like what producers pay per tonne, which U.S. states cover printed paper, who runs the compliance body in a given country and more.

Lakhan also hopes the tool will benefit students and researchers at 91亚色 by highlighting unanswered questions in the field. Several sections identify areas where research remains limited or where important policy debates have yet to be thoroughly examined, creating opportunities for future graduate research.

鈥淭hese are not crowded fields. There is real room to contribute,鈥� he says.

The library has room for contributions as well.

鈥淚 would rather the resource be shaped by what people actually need to know than by what I assumed they would,鈥� he says.

He expects the Packaging EPR Library to evolve alongside new regulations, court decisions and policy developments around the world. As responsibility programs continue to expand and change, the resource will be updated to reflect the latest evidence and developments.

Over time, he hopes the library becomes a trusted starting point for anyone seeking to understand packaging responsibility systems, whether they are designing policy, conducting research, evaluating claims or trying to understand how recycling programs work in different jurisdictions.

Despite the tool鈥檚 broad applications, Lakhan says his greatest goal is much more narrow.

鈥淚 would like people to check a claim before repeating it. A great deal of what circulates in this field is a figure that was true once, in one jurisdiction, on one methodology, and has since travelled a long way from its source," he says. "If the library slows that down, it has earned its place."

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Pollinators play a vital role in ecosystems and agriculture, yet many populations are under pressure from habitat loss, land-use change, pesticides and climate change.

As scientists work to understand the factors that affect pollinator health, microbial communities are receiving growing attention. These communities, made up of bacteria and fungi that live in and on animals, are known collectively as a microbiome. They can play important roles in nutrition, development and defence against disease. Some microbes may help support bee health, while others can contribute to illness.

鈥淭here has been growing recognition that an animal鈥檚 microbiome can be an important part of its biology,鈥� says Rehan. Important questions remain, however. 鈥淲e still know relatively little about where wild bees acquire their microbial communities.鈥�

Rehan explains that much of what scientists know about bee microbiomes comes from a relatively small number of well-studied species, particularly managed bees such as honey bees. Wild bees, by contrast, are far more diverse and may interact with microbes and their environments in very different ways.

Researchers already know that pollinators can share microbes with flowers and that soil is an important source of microorganisms for plants. However, very few studies have examined all three together: bees, flowers and soil. To help fill that gap, Rehan led a research team that set out to understand where small carpenter bees get the microbes that live in and on them, and whether urbanization influences those relationships.

In this work, in Science of the Total Environment, researchers collected bees from 12 sites across the Toronto region between May and September 2025. The sites ranged from highly urbanized areas to more rural landscapes. Whenever a bee was collected, the researchers also collected samples from the flower it was visiting and from nearby soil.

Back in the lab, the team extracted DNA from the bee, flower and soil samples and used genetic sequencing to identify the bacteria and fungi present in each one. By comparing those microbial communities, the researchers found which microbes were shared across bees, flowers and soil, and how factors such as urbanization and season influenced those relationships.

鈥淥ne of the most striking findings was just how much overlap there was between the microbes associated with the bees and those found on their host flowers,鈥� says Rehan. Nearly all of the most common bacterial and fungal groups found on the pollinators also appeared on the flowers they visited, suggesting that flowers as major microbial source. Soil, on the other hand, appeared to be much less connected.

Even so, bees were not simply collecting microbes from flowers. The microbes they carried differed from those found on flowers, suggesting other factors determine a bee's microbiome. Soil may still contribute indirectly, the researchers say, through plants aquiring microbes from the ground.

The study also found that urbanization appeared to influence bee microbiomes. Bees from more urban areas tended to carry a greater diversity of bacteria but a lower diversity of fungi, a pattern not seen in flowers or soil. One possible explanation is that bees in cities encounter a wider variety of plants in parks, gardens and other green spaces.

Microbial communities found on bees and flowers also changed over the course of the growing season, while soil communities remained relatively stable. The study additionally detected fungi that include known bee pathogens, although the researchers did not find evidence that they were harmful. Rehan says the findings highlight the potential for monitoring bee microbiomes as a way to detect emerging threats to pollinator health.

鈥淭he next major question is what those microbes actually do,鈥� says Rehan. 鈥淯nderstanding their functions, how stable these relationships are over time and how environmental change affects them will be important next steps.鈥�

Rehan also points to several areas for future research. These include studying bees, flowers and their surrounding environments together rather than in isolation, paying closer attention to fungi, which have received far less research attention than bacteria, and improving understanding of how urbanization affects bee microbiomes.

Rehan says such work could ultimately help researchers develop a fuller picture of pollinator health.

鈥淯nderstanding these relationships could help us develop a more complete picture of what constitutes high-quality habitat for wild pollinators,鈥� she says. 鈥淚 hope this work helps broaden the way we think about pollinator health and conservation.鈥�

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鈥淐limate change is rapidly expanding habitats for ticks and mosquitoes across Canada, driving up rates of Lyme disease and introducing newer threats like anaplasmosis into regions where they weren't previously seen,鈥� says Tosato, who works through the Faculty of Science's Laboratory of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM).

As a result, researchers and public health officials are increasingly looking for ways to reduce tick populations and the diseases they spread.

One approach is the use of prescribed burns, also known as controlled fires. Previous research has shown they can reduce tick numbers, but whether those reductions translate into lower disease risk remains less clear. Researchers know less about how different fire regimes affect disease spread when accounting for the complex interactions between ticks, wildlife hosts and the pathogens they carry.

鈥淚f we want to predict disease risks down the line, we really need to understand how all these moving parts interact,鈥� says Tosato, whose previous work has evaluated different tick-control strategies such as acaricides and repellents.

Tosato and collaborator Kyeongah Nah, from the National Institute for Mathematical Sciences in South Korea, sought to address those questions. They wanted to better understand how controlled burns affect the spread of tick-borne diseases while accounting for factors that have received less attention in previous models, including the role of rodents and whether fire affects young and adult ticks differently.

, the study was supervised by Professor Jianhong Wu through the LIAM lab and used a mathematical model representing ticks, rodents and the diseases that can spread between them. The model simulated how tick populations change over time, how they interact with rodents and how infections move through those populations. It also distinguished between infected and uninfected ticks and rodents, allowing the team to track transmission under different conditions.

The researchers then introduced fire as a variable, simulating prescribed burns with different frequencies and effectiveness levels. This allowed them to test a wide range of hypothetical scenarios, including how disease spread might change if burns occurred more or less frequently, or removed larger or smaller proportions of tick and rodent populations. By running thousands of simulations, the team could compare different fire-management approaches and their potential effect on disease risk.

Before evaluating the effectiveness of controlled burns, the simulation revealed several factors that play an outsized role in disease spread.

One practical finding was that not all ticks contribute equally to transmission. The researchers found that adult ticks and rodents played especially important roles in driving disease transmission. That suggests control strategies targeting those populations may have the greatest impact on limiting transmission.

The model also highlighted the importance of a lesser-understood transmission pathway known as co-feeding. This occurs when infected and uninfected ticks feed close together on the same animal, allowing disease to spread directly between the ticks even if the host itself is not infected. When the researchers incorporated this process into their modelling approach, disease became considerably harder to control. Infections persisted under conditions where they otherwise would have disappeared.

With those transmission dynamics established, the researchers examined how prescribed burns influence disease risk.

The simulations suggested that prescribed fire can substantially reduce the spread of tick-borne diseases, particularly when carried out regularly. The modelling also highlighted the importance of burn frequency. Relatively modest reductions in tick populations achieved through annual burns produced effects comparable to much more aggressive interventions carried out less often.

At the same time, the model suggested that completely eliminating tick populations would be difficult. Doing so would require highly effective burns at frequent intervals, conditions that may be impractical or potentially harmful to natural ecosystems. Instead, reducing disease risk may be a more realistic goal.

The researchers conclude that prescribed fire could serve as a flexible management tool that supports both ecosystem stewardship and public health goals. However, they caution that its effectiveness depends on factors such as local ecological conditions, the characteristics of the disease being targeted and how frequently burns are conducted.

The team also recommends further research examining how prescribed burns compare with other tick-control strategies, including repellents and acaricides, as well as how longer-term environmental changes caused by burning, such as shifts in vegetation cover and humidity, affect tick survival and disease transmission.

For Tosato, the study demonstrates the importance of understanding the connection between environmental change and disease risk.

鈥淚 hope it highlights how fire dynamics and land management can influence these systems, encouraging a broader perspective on how environmental changes and disease transmission connect,鈥� he says.

The work also underscores the role mathematics can play in addressing emerging public-health challenges. By simulating complex ecological interactions that are difficult to study directly, mathematical models can help researchers anticipate future risks and evaluate potential responses.

鈥淎s changing environmental conditions allow ticks and new pathogens to establish themselves in regions where they previously couldn't survive, a close collaboration between mathematics and public health is essential to generate actionable insights that allow us to stay ahead of emerging threats,鈥� Tosato says.

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Remmel did not set out to be the co-author of a paper tracing more than three decades of forest fragmentation research.

Even when Sanjana Dutt, a PhD candidate at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Poland, first reached out seeking advice on her dissertation, co-authoring a paper was never part of the plan.

Dutt had come across Remmel's work on forest change analysis, landscape metrics and forest fragmentation, areas he has spent much of his career studying while developing new ways to map, quantify and compare changes in forest landscapes.

Seeking guidance for a section of her dissertation, she contacted him because of his expertise in the field and his extensive experience measuring and analyzing changes in forest landscapes. Dutt was looking for advice on how to organize and synthesize a large and growing body of research focused on forest fragmentation and the various techniques scientists use to analyze it.

The phenomenon occurs when large, continuous forests are broken into smaller, isolated patches, often because of roads, farming, resource extraction and development. As forests are divided, fewer areas remain deep within the forest, creating conditions that can affect wildlife habitat, biodiversity and ecosystem health. Because scientists and conservation planners rely on fragmentation research to understand those impacts and guide conservation efforts, accurately measuring fragmentation has become increasingly important.

Advances in satellite imaging potential, remote sensing algorithms, computing power and cloud-based analytical platforms have transformed how scientists study forests. Those developments have given scientists more ways than ever to assess fragmentation and track changes across landscapes, leading to a rapidly expanding body of research and analytical approaches.

Making sense of that increasingly complex landscape of methods was one of the reasons Dutt sought Remmel's advice. She wanted to better understand how the field's analytical techniques had developed over time, where they overlapped and how researchers could meaningfully evaluate their findings.

Remmel, meanwhile, saw value in how Dutt's aspirations would benefit not just her, but others.

鈥淟arge review and synthesis papers are useful ways to build visibility and benchmarks for burgeoning academics,鈥� he says.

Remmel, who teaches in the Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, says they exchanged numerous messages, worked together to refine the study's methodology and identified areas where additional research and context were needed. As the collaboration developed, so too did the scope of the project, eventually leading to Dutt asking Remmel to be co-author on a comprehensive review of how forest fragmentation research has evolved over the past three decades.

The resulting paper, , examines how scientists have measured and analyzed forest fragmentation over the past 35 years while identifying opportunities to make future research more consistent and useful for conservation decision-making.

Dutt conducted a systematic analysis of 138 studies published between 1990 and 2025, grouping them into 12 methodological categories ranging from traditional measures of forest patch size and shape to more recent approaches involving connectivity modelling, remote sensing, time-series analysis and three-dimensional forest mapping.

鈥淭he work identifies a long history of metric development that has evolved to consider many parameters that influence the quantification of forest fragmentation,鈥� says Remmel.

The review found that research has expanded dramatically over time as advances in satellite imagery, remote sensing and computing created new ways of studying forests. Yet scholars have not abandoned older approaches in favour of a single better method, instead continuing to build an increasingly complex toolbox of techniques.

This has created challenges, the authors say. Differences in scale, data, methodology and reporting can make fragmentation studies difficult to evaluate side by side, making it harder to tell whether results reflect genuine differences in forest conditions or simply different ways of measuring them.

鈥淭his is an important reminder that just inventing new tools does not necessarily solve problems,鈥� Remmel says, 鈥渂ut that figuring out how to apply and compare results consistently carries tremendous weight and benefit.鈥�

Consistent results matter because forest fragmentation research is not only theoretical. Investigators, conservation planners and policymakers use it to monitor environmental change, assess ecosystem health and guide management decisions. If methods are not clearly documented or results cannot be compared, it becomes harder to translate research into repeatable and actionable results.

As a result, the authors argue that future progress will depend less on developing new metrics and more on improving consistency and transparency through clearer reporting of how studies are conducted.

Remmel's hopes for what impact the work will have are rooted, in part, from the way it helped Dutt make sense of a complex and rapidly growing field.

鈥淪he was forced to think about broad timelines, developments and contributions, and how they fit into the bigger picture,鈥� he says, resulting in a structured starting point for researchers looking to understand the forest fragmentation literature. 鈥淭his certainly benefitted her but also makes some of this foundational literature review work less strenuous for others who will read this work later.鈥�

Remmel says that value extends beyond this particular project. As academic literature continues to grow, he believes there is benefit in periodically stepping back to assess the state of a field, identify key developments and help researchers understand how current knowledge has evolved. Reviews such as this one can help clarify where a field has come from, where it stands today and where opportunities for future research may exist.

There was also personal value in the project for Remmel. Looking back over the review, he realized that the earliest period it covers coincided with his own graduate training. Over the decades that followed, he built a career studying forest change, spatial metrics and landscape pattern dynamics, adapting alongside the field as new methods and technologies emerged.

鈥淭his is a paper that I could have written based on my experiences,鈥� he says.

Instead, Remmel says he is grateful to have contributed to a project that brought together decades of study while helping a new generation of scholars navigate the field.

鈥淚 am thrilled that not only did someone else take on this responsibility but that they reached out to me for involvement too,鈥� he says. 鈥淭his is the circle of academic life in action and that makes me tremendously humble and thankful.鈥�

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For nearly five days, the heavy blanket of smoke trapped toxic particles over Toronto, drastically increasing health risks while the wildfires caused catastrophic damage in communities across northwestern Ontario. 

The unprecedented devastation has 91亚色 experts debating whether Canada should explore a new national agency to manage wildfire response 鈥� or revamp the system in place. 

The recent fires in northwestern Ontario are now accelerating conversations about how Canada manages wildfires, which have gained momentum since fires tore through Jasper, Alta. two years ago consuming about a third of the town鈥檚 buildings.  

Since then recovery has remained painfully slow, highlighting the longterm impacts of the shorterm devastation of wildfires. As of March 2026, only 4 per cent of the 374 properties lost to fire have been fully rebuilt. Meanwhile, insured losses have swelled from early projections of $900 million to an estimated $1.3 billion, according to the Insurance Bureau of Canada.

Those numbers have made Jasper a test case for a broader question facing Ottawa: should the federal government overhaul how it manages wildfires 鈥� perhaps by creating a national agency 鈥� or focus on fixing the system it already has? 

Across Canada, opinions diverge sharply on what that change should look like. The debate runs straight through 91亚色鈥檚 Disaster and Emergency Management program at the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, where two professors studying wildfires stake opposing positions. 

After a major fire, 鈥渋t is all left to individual communities impacted to manage it themselves,鈥� and a federally mandated framework would be beneficial, says Ali Asgary, 91亚色 professor and director of the Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid Response Simulation (ADERSIM) Lab, which uses large-scale simulations to model disasters and test emergency responses. 

His colleague, Professor Eric B. Kennedy, studies the human dimensions of fire and how people and institutions use evidence to make decisions in wildfire and other emergencies. Like Asgary, Kennedy shares 鈥渢his sense that we need transformative thinking,鈥� but argues that Canada should focus on transforming the systems and programs it already has, rather than building a new national agency from scratch. 

Both agree recent seasons have revealed how fragile Canada鈥檚 wildfire system becomes under extreme pressure 鈥� and that Jasper stands as one of the starkest examples. 

A system under pressure

When the Jasper wildfires erupted in July 2024, scarce resources and confusion over jurisdiction hampered early firefighting efforts, despite what officials described as a well-oiled crisis response. 

Ken McMullen, chief of emergency services for Red Deer Emergency Services and president of the Canadian Association of Fire Chiefs (CAFC), served as an incident commander on the scene. One fire burned to the northeast of Jasper, while three fires to the south merged into a singular inferno racing toward town. 

Inside the blaze, the heat and winds acted like a convection oven, generating gusts as powerful as an EF-5 tornado with wind speeds exceeding 300 km/hr, uprooting trees and hurling flames up to 50 metres into the ir. When mountainside trees gave way, embers rained down on the town, setting homes and businesses ablaze. 

McMullen and his team coordinated the wildland, municipal and volunteer firefighting teams in evacuating 20,000 people, and deploying high-volume sprinkler systems, a rotating air fleet for water drops and hotspot detection, and continuous fuel removal to steer the flames鈥� path. 

Still, when air tankers were needed that first night, none of Canada鈥檚 106-plane fleet was available 鈥� already committed to fires burning in other provinces. By the next day, the blaze had grown too large for water drops to make a difference. By the third, the wind and smoke made flying unsafe. 

It would take 47 days before the fires were declared under control. By the end of the 2024 fire season, two Canadian firefighters had died, including one in Jasper. 

Now, with wildfires raging across northwestern Ontario, McMullen, Kennedy and Asgary all agree that Canada is not ready, and they鈥檙e urging swift, systemic change at the federal level. 

鈥淎t the height of a wildfire season, everybody鈥檚 interested. Politicians are interested. Industry is interested to learn, what do we do differently?鈥� McMullen says. But once major fires are extinguished, they鈥檙e on the back burner until spring. 

鈥淲e forget in January what we talked about in July,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e have to make it a 365-day conversation.鈥�

A changing risk landscape

For Kennedy and Asgary, that conversation requires starting with fire itself and how it has evolved. 

Climate change has generated hotter temperatures and drier landscapes, altering fire behaviour and lengthening wildfire seasons around the world. Kennedy leads YEMERGE, a pan-University research network that studies how people, communities and institutions prepare for and respond to crises such as wildfires. His lab examines how local governments adopt mitigation programs such as FireSmart Canada, and how bureaucratic processes and staff turnover in government can hamper fire mitigation efforts. 

鈥淭he big challenge is the magnitude of what we鈥檙e facing,鈥� Kennedy says. 鈥淲e have huge forested areas. We have a lot of the [urban] interface at risk of exposure, we have a lot of historic building stock that is not necessarily fire adapted, and we鈥檝e got challenges 鈥� like how to make housing more affordable that can, at times, be at odds with doing well on fire.鈥� 

The 2023, 2024 and 2025 seasons were among the top five worst in Canada鈥檚 wildfire history. With 16.5 million hectares of land burned from coast to coast, 2023 was the most destructive on record, followed by 2025 at 8.9 million hectares. 

鈥淲hen you have three consecutive years, you can鈥檛 say 鈥榰nprecedented鈥� anymore,鈥� McMullen says. 鈥淵ou can鈥檛 say it was 鈥榰npredictable.鈥� So if [fires] are predictable, that means that they are preventable.鈥� 

91亚色鈥檚 Disaster and Emergency Management program is instrumental in making those predictions. Asgary鈥檚 team at ADERSIM forecasts the behaviour of existing wildfires with AI modelling, develops drone-based wildfire sensing tools for water quality assessments, and uses virtual reality to help residents make changes related to wildfire. 

鈥淲e can provide a lot of research and training capacities, especially when it comes to the use of new technologies in this area,鈥� Asgary says. 

However, resources have been stretched to capacity across the country, burdened further by a complicated chain of command. In Canada, emergency management for any hazard is usually executed first at the municipal level. As a disaster grows, communities call on their provincial or territorial ministries for more support. 

Fire management in Canada also involves all 13 provincial and territorial wildland fire agencies. Those agencies own and operate the non-profit Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC), a collaborative body that coordinates resource sharing and mutual aid but does not function as a federal agency itself. 

Federal emergency management currently falls under the purview of Public Safety Canada and its Government Operations Centre (GOC), which focuses on preparedness and response. In the case of Jasper, the GOC provided humanitarian and logistical support for residents, and coordinated the deployment of Canadian Armed Forces heavy-lift aircraft with the team on the ground. 

There are gaps between existing agencies: CIFFC mobilizes personnel but does not hire or train firefighters, and the GOC鈥檚 activities stop short of the other two tenets of emergency management: prevention and mitigation, and recovery. 

Jurisdictional responsibility for wildfires is further complicated by fragmentation at each level of government. If a wildfire occurs on federal lands managed by the Department of National Defence or Parks Canada, those agencies coordinate the firefighting efforts, not the province.

That was the situation with the Jasper wildfires. A 2025 report commissioned by the Municipality of Jasper cited the provincial government鈥檚 interference as a slowdown to response operations. The report found the province of Alberta repeatedly requested information from the command team and attempted to make decisions, even though it had no jurisdictional authority because the town is located within a national park. 

A year prior, the National Risk Profile (NPR), a national disaster risk assessment published by Public Safety Canada, had warned that jurisdictions are not aligned in their emergency management approaches and programming. The NPR identified further challenges, including information-sharing bottlenecks between the health and emergency management systems. 

Asgary says the current system isn鈥檛 working like it used to. Even well-resourced provinces such as Ontario or B.C. have been overwhelmed in recent years, leaving little capacity to support neighbours. Without a top-down framework, Asgary says, municipalities hire consultants and end up with equipment and software incompatible with other stakeholders 鈥� a problem that only surfaces when operations scale up during a disaster. 

鈥淭he time has passed to do reactive policy making,鈥� Asgary says. 鈥淲e are now in the middle of a major climate change-related crisis. It should be clear for everyone that the current system is not sufficient.鈥� 

The resource challenge

As a disaster unfolds, resources are often assigned based on availability rather than what is best suited for the job, Asgary says. 

鈥淭he wildfire is not going to tell us, 鈥業鈥檓 going to happen now,鈥欌�� he says. 鈥淭hese resources may be already deployed somewhere else.鈥� 

A national reserve firefighting force is an oft-cited solution, but unlikely without a systemic change in recruitment, says McMullen, who represents fire chiefs across Canada in his role as president of the CAFC. Of Canada鈥檚 126,000 firefighters, about 90,000 are volunteers 鈥� a pool that has shrunk by nearly 29 per cent since 2016. McMullen correlates the drop with recent wildfire seasons that have strained volunteers, who are normally called upon an average of 22 minutes a week to provide support in their local communities. 

If provinces were to increase investment in attracting and recruiting new firefighters or equipment to the pipeline, Kennedy says there would be 鈥渆nough slack in the system to keep trading and sharing and providing mutual aid.鈥� 

The provinces and territories currently own and share an aging fleet of water bombers. The federal government hasn鈥檛 committed to investing in a national fleet, but did announce $316.7 million over the next five years to contract additional aircraft from third parties for the 2026 season and beyond. Provinces, meanwhile, are moving ahead on their own: Alberta announced in February that it would invest $400 million to purchase five De Havilland Canadair 515 firefighting aircraft, with the first delivered in 2031. Manitoba is also in line to acquire three of the new water bombers, with the first to arrive by 2031.

Two paths forward: the debate

Calls for a national wildfire agency surface every year during the height of wildfire season as another potential solution to the resource problem. 

Kennedy says a wildfire agency is a 鈥済reat buzzword,鈥� but notes CIFFC is already working effectively at pooling resources between provinces and navigating equipment procurement with the federal government. 

鈥淭hese 15 fire agencies have been working for decades to build trust with communities, to build relationships, to develop infrastructure and get their systems working well. Why would we want to create a 16th fire bureaucracy?鈥� Kennedy says. 鈥淭his call [acts as] a code word for, 鈥榃e need more co-ordination,鈥� or, 鈥榳e need more collaboration.鈥欌�� 

He says Canada鈥檚 approach would be better served with continuous injections of funding to existing systems. He sees the Government Operations Centre as a potential springboard for building a solid operational framework for all emergencies, including wildfires. 

Asgary envisions an emergency management agency that also covers floods and earthquakes. He says the current system 鈥渋s not really able to help to the level that these provinces expect, because they don鈥檛 have [the resources]鈥� during the time of the actual emergency. 

He points to the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency as an example of an agency with a wide mandate to do anything required to manage a disaster and its aftermath, including waiving bureaucratic processes and pulling resources from governmental departments. 

McMullen and the CAFC have been lobbying for more of a hybrid role in the form of a national fire commissioner or liaison, who would act as point person for all federal fire-related conversations. 

The Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC) echoes Asgary鈥檚 call for a central emergency management agency so communities can avoid creating a new 鈥減laybook鈥� after every disaster. The IBC, which oversaw $2.4 billion in insured loss claims related to weather in 2025, has called on the federal government to discuss their response to emergency management. Talks are underway: Minister of Emergency Management and Community Resilience Eleanor Olszewski led public and industry consultations through March 2026, with a report forthcoming. 

Canada remains the only G7 country without a national emergency management agency or a national fire administration. 鈥� 

A future with fire

Central to whatever comes next is mitigation 鈥� the actions taken before a fire. 

鈥淲e have to accept that we will live with fire,鈥� Kennedy says. 鈥淗ow do we make the landscape less attractive for that fire to spread?鈥� 

One way is to focus on improvements to the wildland itself. Containing every fire means the forest becomes overburdened with healthy trees that act as fuel. Controlled burns can encourage regeneration of the landscape, and clearing long strips of land to form built-in firebreaks can slow the spread of wildfire. 

Another approach is to work within communities on updating building codes so new structures use fire-resistant materials 鈥� which the town of Jasper is doing 鈥� and on educating residents about wildfire-proofing measures they can make to their homes. 

Disaster response already costs the federal government about $1.8 billion a year. However, the National Risk Profile estimates a return on investment of $4 to $10 for every dollar spent on mitigation, with the highest returns related to risk assessment, hazard analysis and mitigation planning. 

Canada is nowhere near international investment benchmarks established by the European Union that suggests governments spend between 0.66 and 1.25 per cent of their GDP annually on climate adaptation, which includes fire mitigation activities. For Canada, that would fall between $21.5 and $40.7 billion. In 2026, the federal climate adaptation spend is $7.1 billion. 

Investments start and stall with shifts in government, which further complicate consistent action, and are often targeted at firefighting instead of systemic change, Kennedy says. 鈥� 

鈥淭here is simply no number of firefighters that would be enough in Canada. We will never have enough air tankers. We will never have enough hoses. We will never have enough firefighters. That is a black hole of investment,鈥� says Kennedy. 鈥淲e could pour as much money into firefighting as we want, and it will never be enough, because the root causes of this are not fire suppression alone, but are ecosystem management, addressing climate change and building more resiliently.鈥�

Contributed by Kristina Urquhart

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When聽Dorin was a doctoral student in the Faculty of Environmental & Urban Change and began discussing potential PhD research projects with Colla, her supervisor and one of Canada's leading pollinator conservation scientists, she already knew the questions she wanted to pursue.

With a background in wildlife biology, Dorin had followed growing concern about bee declines and understood the significance of the issue given the critical role pollinators play in maintaining healthy ecosystems and supporting food production.

鈥淟ike many others, I was deeply concerned about the declines we were seeing,鈥� Dorin says. She considered such question as: 鈥淲hat does effective pollinator conservation look like? How can we engage landowners in taking action to protect pollinators?鈥�

For many doctoral students, refining broad interests into a focused dissertation project can be one of the most challenging parts of the process. Dorin says Colla鈥檚 guidance was instrumental in helping her navigate that challenge.

鈥淪he had an incredible ability to ask the right questions and encourage me to think more deeply about the science,鈥� says Dorin.

With Colla's mentorship, those questions eventually led Dorin to explore what she saw as an overlooked area.

She explains that while a lot of research focuses on crops that depend on animal pollination, such as apples and blueberries, crops that do not require pollinators cover larger areas of agricultural land.

鈥淚f we assume those landscapes don't matter because the crops themselves don't need bees, we're overlooking millions of acres that pollinators may still use,鈥� she says. 鈥淚 wanted to understand what role these pollinator-independent crops play in supporting wild bee populations across agricultural landscapes.鈥�

That realization led Dorin and Colla to take a closer look at vineyards. Although grapes do not require animal pollination, vineyards represent large agricultural infrastructure and could provide important habitat for wild bees.

To explore that possibility, Dorin and Colla studied wild bee communities in 26 commercial vineyards in Niagara Region over two growing seasons. In addition to sampling bees, they examined factors including vegetation between vineyard rows, surrounding land uses, soil characteristics and topography.

The approach reflected one of Dorin's guiding principles throughout the project.

鈥淏ees don't recognize farm boundaries or distinguish between crop types,鈥� she says. 鈥淭hey move freely across the landscape 鈥� nesting, foraging and dispersing where suitable habitat and resources exist.鈥�

For Dorin, taking that broader perspective is essential to developing conservation strategies that reflect how pollinators experience the landscape. The findings, now published in , reinforce that outlook.

鈥淥ur research found a very high abundance and diversity of wild bees in vineyard agroecosystems, showing that these independent crops can support thriving bee communities,鈥� says Dorin.

The study found that bee communities were shaped by a combination of local and landscape-level conditions. Bee abundance and diversity were typically higher in vineyards surrounded by semi-natural habitats such as forests and treed areas. Taller vegetation between vineyard rows was also linked to healthier bee communities.

Another finding involved nesting habitat. Soil conditions were linked to different types of bees, suggesting conservation efforts must consider not only where pollinators find food, but also where they live and reproduce.

The results were the culmination of years of work for both Dorin and Colla.

Finishing the project, however, was not without its challenges. Examining wild bee communities across vineyard environments from multiple angles was an ambitious undertaking. But Dorin says Colla never made anything feel impossible for her students.

鈥淪he genuinely believed we were capable of succeeding,鈥� says Dorin. 鈥淪he trusted her students with meaningful responsibility, but she was always there when we needed guidance.鈥�

And because research rarely goes exactly as planned, she says, there were plenty of moments when that support was needed. Dorin recalls that whether challenges emerged during fieldwork, in the lab or during data analysis, Colla consistently offered advice, reassurance and a fresh perspective.

That commitment to her students remained unchanged, even as Colla faced significant health challenges.

By then, much of the project's fieldwork had been completed and the focus had shifted to data analysis and writing. Dorin says Colla remained actively involved throughout that stage of the research, continuing to meet with her to discuss results and provide feedback.

鈥淓ven during such a difficult time, she was still thinking about her students,鈥� says Dorin. 鈥淭hat says a great deal about the kind of mentor she was.鈥�

After Colla's death in 2025, finishing the project 鈥� even though much of the work had already been completed 鈥� was difficult for Dorin. She says it was impossible not to think about how much Colla would have enjoyed seeing the final dissertation and the resulting publications.

Dorin also believes Colla would have been especially excited by opportunities to share the findings with farmers, land managers and policymakers.

鈥淪he recognized that good science alone isn't enough,鈥� says Dorin. 鈥淪he believed that meaningful conservation requires research, but also policy, community engagement, education and action.鈥�

That way of thinking continues to shape Dorin's own approach to conservation and her goals for this latest study. She hopes the findings will help bridge the gap between science and on-the-ground land management, and encourage new ways of thinking about how wild bees can be supported 鈥� even in landscapes not traditionally considered pollinator habitat.

The work also contributes to a more nuanced understanding of pollinator conservation. Ontario is home to hundreds of species of wild bees, each with different nesting and foraging requirements, making a one-size-fits-all solution for supporting pollinators unlikely. Instead, Dorin says, understanding how different habitats benefit different species can lead to more informed conservation decisions across agricultural ecosystems.

That includes, she says, thinking beyond individual farms. Pollinator conservation occurs at the landscape scale, meaning it is not only how a vineyard is managed that matters, but also how nearby forests, hedgerows, roadsides, neighbouring croplands and even soils are managed.

Dorin sees those ambitions as a continuation of Colla's influence.

鈥淭hroughout her career, she showed us that conservation is not something achieved in isolation. It requires connecting science with communities, research with action and people with the ecosystems they depend on,鈥� says Dorin.

Dorin was among the many students, researchers and conservation advocates influenced by that philosophy. The vineyard study 鈥� and the hopes she has for its impact 鈥� reflect lessons Colla instilled throughout her career.

鈥淐ompleting this project without her was bittersweet. I wish she could have been there for my defence and to celebrate these publications, but I feel incredibly grateful that I had her mentorship for so much of this journey,鈥� she says. 鈥淪heila was simply one of the best people I've ever known.鈥�

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Understanding how climate change affects Arctic wildlife is becoming urgent as the North warms faster than the rest of the planet.

鈥淐limate warming is a global problem but it鈥檚 most severe in the North, where the climate is warming about four times faster than the global average,鈥� says Gregory W. Thiemann, a professor in the Faculty of Environmental & Urban Change.

Rising temperatures are driving declines in sea ice and reshaping Arctic marine ecosystems. Species such as ringed seals and polar bears depend on sea ice for habitat, but scientists are working to understand exactly how climate-driven changes affect these species and the food webs that support them.

Ringed seals, in particular, play a vital role in the Arctic food web as consumers of smaller, fat-rich food sources such as fish and plankton. Their fat-rich diet makes them a primary food source for polar bears.

Despite the importance of ringed seals in the Artcic habitat, how they respond to climate-driven changes in ice and prey availability, and the ripple effects of those changes through the ecosystem, was not fully understood.

Katie Florko, a 91亚色 biology alum, was inspired to find a way to change that.

鈥淏y tracking shifts in their diet and body condition over nearly two decades, we can better understand how environmental change is affecting a species that is central to both the food web and subsistence,鈥� she says.

The project began while Florko was completing her master's degree in biology at 91亚色 under Thiemann's supervision. Although Florko graduated in 2018 and continued her research through a PhD at the University of British Columbia and a postdoctoral fellowship, she and her collaborators continued developing the study.

In published in Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, Florko and Thiemann drew on a long-standing collaboration between 91亚色 and Fisheries and Oceans Canada that has worked with local Inuvialuit hunters in the Northwest Territories to monitor ringed seal populations in the Amundsen Gulf.

For the study, local hunters collected measurements and samples from 236 ringed seals harvested between 1996 and 2015. Small pieces of blubber were sent to the researchers, who analyzed the fatty acids they contained. Because those compounds provide clues about what an animal has been eating, the team was able to reconstruct the seals' diets. They then combined those dietary indicators with environmental data and measures of seal and polar bear body condition to understand how climate, habitat and food availability influence Arctic predators.

The analysis revealed that ringed seals were generally in better shape when they were feeding on prey associated with sea ice, particularly Arctic cod, an important source of energy in the area. Seals also tended to be healthier during years when ice dynamics made productive feeding areas easier to access.

The findings suggest that sea ice influences more than just where ringed seals live; it can also affect their access to food and ability to build the energy reserves needed to survive, reproduce and raise their young.

Because ringed seals are the primary prey of polar bears, researchers also wanted to know whether environmental conditions affecting seals could influence the predators that depend on them.

鈥淪tudying both predator and prey offered a rare opportunity to link changes at multiple levels of the Arctic food web and better understand how climate-driven changes in sea ice can ripple through the food web,鈥� says Florko.

The research also examined body-condition data from 108 polar bears collected in the same region between 1999 and 2015. By comparing those records with the ringed seal data, they hoped to determine whether environmental factors affecting seals could also be affecting the bears that depend on them.

While the relationships between habitat, diet and seal health proved complex, one result stood out. Among female polar bears, which tend to feed on a less varied diet than males, their body health closely tracked that of ringed seals.

"Female polar bear body condition tended to be high when ringed seal condition was also high," says Thiemann. 鈥淚n other words, healthier prey were associated with healthier polar bears.鈥�

The findings offer a clearer picture of how climate change can affect Arctic ecosystems. Rather than influencing individual species in isolation, changes in sea ice can alter prey availability, affect the health of ringed seals and ultimately influence the predators that depend on them.

The team says continued monitoring will be essential for understanding how a rapidly changing Arctic affects wildlife in the years ahead.

"I think this area is important to continue studying because understanding climate impacts requires looking beyond individual species. Changes in sea ice, prey availability and predator body condition are all interconnected, and we need to understand those relationships to predict how Arctic ecosystems may change in the future," says Florko.

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That question is at the heart of 91亚色 PhD student Ayesha Menezes鈥� doctoral research. Through her work, Menezes explores how mud play helps children see themselves as part of the natural world, fostering care, responsibility and belonging.

Her research comes as many children have fewer opportunities for unstructured outdoor play and engagement with nature. Risk-averse settings and busy urban lifestyles have reduced interaction with the natural world, prompting Menezes to understand how learning might look different if it emerged through children鈥檚 relationships with the land, water, weather and natural materials around them.

To explore this idea, Menezes took her research outside the University for Mud Day 2026, an event developed as part of her doctoral work. Held at Evergreen Brick Works children鈥檚 garden, the Mud Day invited children and caregivers to explore and create with mud.

Instead of planning structured activities with predetermined outcomes, the event invited children to engage in open-ended play experiences that included a mud kitchen, construction site, gardening, seed bomb making, beading and a collaborative mural. An interactive performance also encouraged participants to explore relationships between the sun, wind, rain and mud.

For Menezes, the goal was to encourage outdoor play and shift how children experience the natural world.

鈥淚nstead of learning about nature, participants were learning with nature,鈥� she says. 鈥淐hildren shaped their own experiences by choosing the activities they wanted to participate in.鈥�

The event demonstrated how nature-based play can strengthen relationships and foster a sense of belonging. Menezes observed that children who typically play independently began playing collaboratively, while parents engaged as co-creators rather than observers.

Parents noted the atmosphere nurtured connections among children, caregivers, educators as well as the natural materials and environment.

Menezes says that of the 47 participating children 鈥� ranging in ages from 11 months to 11 years 鈥� only one had previously experienced muddy play. This, she says, shows how uncommon the experience is and reinforces the importance of spaces where children can explore freely, take manageable risks and build relationships with their environment.

The activities also encouraged children to see themselves as active participants in caring for the environment, says Menezes, which resulted in a child-led land acknowledgement during the event鈥檚 closing circle 鈥� a moment that one parent described as particularly meaningful.

鈥淩eflections shared during the鈥痗losing circle suggested that children left with a greater sense of connection to their environment,鈥� she says.鈥�

Developed as part of Menezes' doctoral research and dissertation, Mud Day 2026 was supported by a cross-Faculty team of 91亚色 student collaborators from the Faculty of Graduate Studies, the Faculty of Education and the Faculty of Science, with mentorship from Professor Lucy Angus and support from Evergreen Brick Works. Collaborators also included undergraduate, master鈥檚 and doctoral students: Ari Para, Catalina Ramirez, Ian Chan, Tristan Castro Pozo, Elise Nicolas and Rachel Leveille.

Moving forward, Menezes is working to develop what she calls a 鈥渃urriculum of muddy worlding鈥� 鈥� a relational framework that reimagines learning through children鈥檚 encounters with mud and the natural world. She is also expanding the Mud Day model into a co-design approach that brings together educators, researchers, families and local communities.

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For many people across the Greater Toronto Area, commuting is a significant part of daily life. "Toronto is a city where there can be a lot of traffic congestion and many people's commutes are quite long," says Shen, whose research explores worker health and well-being.

For many of those commuters, the trip back and forth is one of the least enjoyable parts of the day, triggering stress, fatigue and lost time. Researchers have traditionally focused on those challenges, often emphasizing objective measures such as distance and travel time.

Shen, however, has in, as she puts it, 鈥渉ow commutes may have benefits rather than only the 鈥榮tress鈥� and 鈥榖urden鈥� that a lot of research describes.鈥�

In collaboration with researchers in Israel and the U.S., Shen set out to better understand why some people are more satisfied with their journeys to work than others, focusing on a key psychological factor: predictability.

Two commutes that take the same amount of time can feel very different if one is consistently reliable while the other is plagued by unexpected delays, she notes. The study theorizes that predictability might improve the commuting experience in two ways: by reducing stress and by giving workers a greater sense of control over how they spend their time.

To test the idea, researchers conducted a three-week study involving 379 full-time employees who commuted to work at least twice a week. Across three surveys, participants answered questions about how consistent their daily journeys are, their levels of stress and autonomy during the journey and their overall enjoyment of the experience.

The results, published in the , found that commuters are more satisfied with their trip when they could reliably predict how long it would take, regardless of length. The study also finds that this relationship is driven by a greater sense of autonomy or control over how commuting time was spent.

This desire for control may stem from the ability to plan how commuting time will be used, the researchers say. Someone who knows their travel time will take 45 minutes can decide in advance whether to listen to a podcast, mentally prepare for the workday, unwind after work or simply enjoy a few moments to themselves. In this way, the commute can become a psychological buffer between work and home life. By contrast, a commuter facing uncertainty and unexpected delays may be more focused on the possibility of disruptions than on what they can do with the journey.

This distinction matters, says Shen, because commuting experiences do not necessarily end when the journey is over. Previous research has shown the effects of a commute can spill over into other areas of life, influencing well-being, job satisfaction and experiences at home.

"We know that people can bring the stresses of their commute with them to work and also into their homes in the evening," says Shen. "Given this, we are interested in how to make commutes less stressful and more beneficial for workers."

In the paper, Shen and her co-authors suggest transportation planners and employers can help improve commuter well-being by investing in more reliable transportation systems, accurate real-time travel information and flexible work arrangements that increase reliability. More broadly, they argue that commuting should not be viewed simply as lost time; when people can reliably anticipate how their trip will unfold, they may be able to use that time in ways that support well-being.

Additional work is needed to understand the relationship between predictability and commuter well-being. Future studies, says Shen, could incorporate physiological measures of stress such as cortisol levels, examine more diverse populations and transportation systems, include larger numbers of public transit users and test interventions such as flexible scheduling policies. The authors also suggest exploring whether the way trip information is presented influences how commuters experience consistency and control.

"We hope that this work will help people to consider how to make their commutes more enjoyable and useful to them, perhaps for recovery or to get ahead with work or family responsibilities," says Shen. "Although commuting may be inevitable, it does not have to be 'wasted' or an unpleasant time.鈥�

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