As cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of illness and death worldwide, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs have been shown to reduce mortality, lower hospital readmissions and improve quality of life.

Despite its proven value, significant gaps remain in who is referred to cardiac rehabilitation and who ultimately participates, particularly in parts of the world where cardiovascular disease places a disproportionate burden on health systems and patients.

"Even when CR programs are available, patients still face barriers to being referred, accessing programs and affording care," says Carson. "Understanding these gaps helps identify where changes in health care systems and policies could improve access, particularly in lower-resource settings.鈥�

Previous studies had tracked barriers to cardiac rehabilitation and identified disparities in participation across countries and health care systems. However, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted CR delivery and access worldwide, says Carson. As a result, the global cardiac rehabilitation landscape had not been comprehensively assessed in the years since, with little recent data available on referral practices, wait times, funding models and the costs individuals face when seeking care.

"An updated audit was therefore needed to understand what CR looks like globally today, where progress has been made, and where gaps in referral and access persist,鈥� says Carson.

Under the supervision of 91亚色 Professor Sherry L. Grace and Adjunct Professor Gabriela Ghisi, Carson conducted a global survey of CR programs in 2025 examining referral practices, limitations to participation, wait times, strategies to improve entry to treatment, funding models and patient costs.

The researchers ultimately received survey responses from 1,505 CR programs across 90 countries. Program leaders completed questionnaires about how care is delivered, how people utilize services and the financial challenges both patients and providers face. The researchers then analyzed the results by country income level.

Among the study's observations was the limited adoption of systematic referral systems, which automatically refer eligible individuals to cardiac rehabilitation rather than relying on a clinician to manually make the referral.

"It was striking that systematic referral, despite being an effective way to increase CR use, was implemented in only about one-fifth of programs globally," says Carson.

The finding also reflected one of the study's broader themes: inequity in access. Systematic referral was far more common in high-income countries than in middle- and low-income countries, with programs in high-income countries estimating that roughly 80 per cent of eligible patients were referred to rehabilitation compared with about 50 per cent in middle-income countries.

The study also found that access was shaped not only by referrals, but by whether patients could afford to participate.

"One finding that stood out to me was the magnitude of the financial barriers," says Carson. "Programs globally estimated that 50 per cent of indicated patients may forego CR because of out-of-pocket costs."

Nearly half of surveyed programs relied on direct patient payments as a source of funding. When patients were required to pay, they covered an average of about 60 per cent of rehabilitation costs themselves. In lower-middle-income countries, patients often paid the entire cost of care out of pocket.

Together, the findings point to a broader inequity. Many of the countries carrying the greatest burden of cardiovascular disease also face some of the greatest barriers to rehabilitation, meaning access to treatment known to improve survival and quality of life can depend on where patients live and what they can afford.

The study also highlighted efforts already underway to improve participation. Researchers found that many programs are taking steps to make cardiac rehabilitation more accessible, including by providing information in multiple formats, offering plain-language educational materials, tailoring services to diverse populations and making resources available in different languages with the support of multilingual staff or interpreters.

Building on this progress, the researchers say addressing the persistent inequities identified in the study will require broader policy action. They recommend stronger public investment in CR, expanded health care coverage to reduce out-of-pocket costs and wider use of systematic referral systems to help more who are eligible for care. Those changes could extend the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation to more patients who need it and ultimately help reduce cardiovascular illness and death.

For Carson, the hope is that her work will help inform practical changes that improve access to care for patients around the world.

"I hope these findings help inform changes in policy and clinical practice that make CR more accessible and affordable," says Carson. "Ultimately, improving referral processes and reducing financial barriers could allow more patients to benefit from cardiac rehabilitation."

The post Global inequities limit access to cardiac rehabilitation, says 91亚色 study appeared first on YFile.

For a decade, Gulseren, who teaches human resource management in 91亚色's School of Administrative Studies, has researched chronic pain in the workplace. During that time, one issue kept surfacing.

鈥淪ubstance dependence is far more common among employees than most people realize,鈥� says Gulseren. 鈥淥pioids kept coming up as an important and often overlooked part of that picture.鈥�

The impacts of opioid dependence can be significant for both workers and organizations, she says. For personnel, it can contribute to anxiety, reduced concentration and chronic health challenges. For employers, it can mean increased absenteeism and presenteeism, reduced productivity, higher turnover and rising disability and health care costs.

Despite the effect dependence can have on workers and companies, Gulseren and frequent collaborator Zhanna Lyubykh, an assistant professor at Simon Fraser University, have found many employers remain unprepared to respond.

鈥淢any organizations still lack effective and practical strategies for addressing opioid-related challenges at work,鈥� says Gulseren. 鈥淭hey often don鈥檛 know how to approach it.鈥�

That gap led to a paper, , which aims to provide organizations with a clearer understanding of what contributes to opioid use in the workplace and what employers can do to address it.

In order to do so, the researchers reviewed a broad body of literature on opioid use disorder, workplace injuries, job stress, culture, drug-testing policies and recovery programs. They also examined evidence on accommodations and other measures designed to help employees manage substance-use challenges and return to work successfully.

Across the literature they reviewed, several themes emerged. According to Gulseren, one of the most notable findings was that employment setting conditions themselves can contribute to opioid dependence.

A common assumption is that opioid use disorder is primarily a personal issue rooted in an individual's own circumstances.

鈥淥ur research points to something different: conditions like poor ergonomics, high stress, pressure to return to work too soon after an injury or heavy physical demands with little control over one's work can push employees toward dependence,鈥� says Gulseren.

Across the literature, another theme emerged: workplace responses can be just as important as workplace conditions. When organizations addressed opioid use through measures such as drug testing or strict disciplinary policies, the evidence suggested those approaches often fell short.

Punitive measures such as drug testing and strict disciplinary approaches were often found to have limited success. Some studies reviewed by Gulseren even identified links between punitive policies and higher rates of opioid use. She and Lyubykh found such approaches can increase employee distress, create perceptions of unfairness, discourage people from seeking help and encourage workers to conceal substance-use problems.

Instead, the researchers found strategies focused on reducing stigma, providing accommodations and helping staff through treatment and recovery were often associated with better outcomes.

Across the studies they reviewed, these approaches were linked to lower rates of substance use, safer workplaces, greater willingness among employees to seek help, improved retention and more successful recovery and return-to-work outcomes.

For Gulseren, the review was about more than identifying insights from existing research. It was also an opportunity to explore practical ways organizations could better assist personnel.

鈥淚t was important to us that the work translate into applicable, practical recommendations that people in HR and management roles could actually put into practice,鈥� says Gulseren.

The published paper offers recommendations split into two categories: prevention and response.

On the prevention side, it encourages employers to focus on reducing workplace injuries, improving ergonomics, lowering job-related stress, creating psychologically safer spaces and ensuring employees have adequate opportunities for rest and recovery.

For those already struggling with opioid dependence, they recommend non-judgmental conversations, reducing stigma, recognizing signs of distress, providing appropriate accommodations and facilitating treatment and recovery. The researchers also emphasize the importance of structured return-to-work plans and ongoing support after treatment.

The recommendations, Gulseren says, are intended to give organizations the tools and understanding they need to better respond to staff needs while improving outcomes for companies as a whole.

鈥淲e hope it gives managers concrete, evidence-based tools both preventive (how to minimize the likelihood of opioid-related harm in the first place) and reactive (how to support employees through opioid use disorder and recovery when it does occur) ways,鈥� says Gulseren.

For her, that work is especially important because conversations about opioid use in the workplace are often oversimplified.

鈥淥pioids can be a necessary part of chronic pain management for many employees, so this isn't a simple 鈥榦pioids are bad鈥� story,鈥� says Gulseren. 鈥淥rganizations need better ways to manage and respond to this reality. We hope our work encourages organizations to move away from punitive responses and toward more supportive approaches.鈥�

The post 91亚色 research offers employers a roadmap for responding to opioid use appeared first on YFile.

鈥淐limate change is rapidly expanding habitats for ticks and mosquitoes across Canada, driving up rates of Lyme disease and introducing newer threats like anaplasmosis into regions where they weren't previously seen,鈥� says Tosato, who works through the Faculty of Science's Laboratory of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM).

As a result, researchers and public health officials are increasingly looking for ways to reduce tick populations and the diseases they spread.

One approach is the use of prescribed burns, also known as controlled fires. Previous research has shown they can reduce tick numbers, but whether those reductions translate into lower disease risk remains less clear. Researchers know less about how different fire regimes affect disease spread when accounting for the complex interactions between ticks, wildlife hosts and the pathogens they carry.

鈥淚f we want to predict disease risks down the line, we really need to understand how all these moving parts interact,鈥� says Tosato, whose previous work has evaluated different tick-control strategies such as acaricides and repellents.

Tosato and collaborator Kyeongah Nah, from the National Institute for Mathematical Sciences in South Korea, sought to address those questions. They wanted to better understand how controlled burns affect the spread of tick-borne diseases while accounting for factors that have received less attention in previous models, including the role of rodents and whether fire affects young and adult ticks differently.

, the study was supervised by Professor Jianhong Wu through the LIAM lab and used a mathematical model representing ticks, rodents and the diseases that can spread between them. The model simulated how tick populations change over time, how they interact with rodents and how infections move through those populations. It also distinguished between infected and uninfected ticks and rodents, allowing the team to track transmission under different conditions.

The researchers then introduced fire as a variable, simulating prescribed burns with different frequencies and effectiveness levels. This allowed them to test a wide range of hypothetical scenarios, including how disease spread might change if burns occurred more or less frequently, or removed larger or smaller proportions of tick and rodent populations. By running thousands of simulations, the team could compare different fire-management approaches and their potential effect on disease risk.

Before evaluating the effectiveness of controlled burns, the simulation revealed several factors that play an outsized role in disease spread.

One practical finding was that not all ticks contribute equally to transmission. The researchers found that adult ticks and rodents played especially important roles in driving disease transmission. That suggests control strategies targeting those populations may have the greatest impact on limiting transmission.

The model also highlighted the importance of a lesser-understood transmission pathway known as co-feeding. This occurs when infected and uninfected ticks feed close together on the same animal, allowing disease to spread directly between the ticks even if the host itself is not infected. When the researchers incorporated this process into their modelling approach, disease became considerably harder to control. Infections persisted under conditions where they otherwise would have disappeared.

With those transmission dynamics established, the researchers examined how prescribed burns influence disease risk.

The simulations suggested that prescribed fire can substantially reduce the spread of tick-borne diseases, particularly when carried out regularly. The modelling also highlighted the importance of burn frequency. Relatively modest reductions in tick populations achieved through annual burns produced effects comparable to much more aggressive interventions carried out less often.

At the same time, the model suggested that completely eliminating tick populations would be difficult. Doing so would require highly effective burns at frequent intervals, conditions that may be impractical or potentially harmful to natural ecosystems. Instead, reducing disease risk may be a more realistic goal.

The researchers conclude that prescribed fire could serve as a flexible management tool that supports both ecosystem stewardship and public health goals. However, they caution that its effectiveness depends on factors such as local ecological conditions, the characteristics of the disease being targeted and how frequently burns are conducted.

The team also recommends further research examining how prescribed burns compare with other tick-control strategies, including repellents and acaricides, as well as how longer-term environmental changes caused by burning, such as shifts in vegetation cover and humidity, affect tick survival and disease transmission.

For Tosato, the study demonstrates the importance of understanding the connection between environmental change and disease risk.

鈥淚 hope it highlights how fire dynamics and land management can influence these systems, encouraging a broader perspective on how environmental changes and disease transmission connect,鈥� he says.

The work also underscores the role mathematics can play in addressing emerging public-health challenges. By simulating complex ecological interactions that are difficult to study directly, mathematical models can help researchers anticipate future risks and evaluate potential responses.

鈥淎s changing environmental conditions allow ticks and new pathogens to establish themselves in regions where they previously couldn't survive, a close collaboration between mathematics and public health is essential to generate actionable insights that allow us to stay ahead of emerging threats,鈥� Tosato says.

The post 91亚色 study explores how fire could help fight the spread of tick-borne diseases appeared first on YFile.

Growing up in a small rural town in Quebec, Rivest was surrounded by French. Her parents were unilingual francophones and while she learned some English in school, she was far from fluent.

When she moved to Toronto to pursue graduate studies at 91亚色, Rivest immersed herself in English while working in a research lab and taking language classes. Although she eventually became bilingual, she remembers the challenges of studying and writing in a second language, an experience that now shapes her work as a neuropsychologist.

Those experiences now inform Rivest's efforts to ensure French-speaking Canadians have access to cognitive evaluations designed and validated for their language and cultural context.

One focus of that work is the Toronto Cognitive Assessment (TorCA), a tool used in specialized clinics across the Greater Toronto Area and elsewhere in English-speaking Canada to assess memory, language, attention and other cognitive functions.

Designed to bridge the gap between quick screening tests and lengthy neuropsychological evaluations, it can provide a detailed cognitive profile in less than an hour. The assessment also offers a more accessible alternative to comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations, which can take several hours, cost thousands of dollars and are often not covered by provincial health insurance plans.

Originally developed in English, the TorCA reflects a broader reality in cognitive assessment. Many widely used tools were created and standardized for predominantly English-language populations, leaving comparatively fewer options tailored to people whose first language is not English, including French-speaking Canadians.

For Rivest, who teaches at Glendon College, the issue goes beyond convenience. Many cognitive testing tools rely on verbal tasks, such as asking participants to name as many animals as possible or come up with words beginning with a particular letter within a limited period of time.

Even among people who speak English well, performance can differ depending on whether they are being assessed in their first or second language.

"I consider myself bilingual now," says Rivest. "But I'm definitely much better in French than in English to come up with words."

Determined to help address that imbalance, Rivest is leading an effort to adapt and validate a French Canadian version of the TorCA.

"It became obvious to me that, for fairness, francophone Canadians who have concerns about their cognitive state deserve to be measured with culturally and linguistically appropriate tools that are easily accessible," says Rivest.

Working with collaborators including former Glendon student Sara Raquel Ribeiro Manique and neuropsychologist M茅lanie Cohn, Rivest's team aims not simply to translate the testing tool, but to ensure it can be used reliably with francophone populations while maintaining the scientific rigour of the original English version.

Cognitive assessments must be carefully standardized to ensure they measure the same abilities regardless of who administers them. In many cases, a direct translation can inadvertently change the complexity of a task or introduce bias into the results.

One example involved a reading task that asks participants to pronounce words that are spelled differently than they sound aloud, such as colonel in English. Rather than translating the words directly, Rivest and her collaborators had to identify French equivalents with comparable familiarity, frequency of use and level of challenge.

Another challenge emerged in a picture-naming task. A melon in the English version could not simply be translated because French speakers are more likely to name specific types of melons rather than using the broader term. Researchers ultimately replaced the item with a different fruit that better preserved the intent of the evaluation.

After completing the French Canadian version, the team sought feedback from francophone neuropsychologists and made a series of refinements. While minor adjustments continue, Rivest says the assessment is now largely complete.

The project has now entered its next phase: collecting norms for the French Canadian version.

Rivest is recruiting French-speaking adults across Canada to build the reference dataset needed for future clinical use. To help ensure the sample reflects the diversity of Canada's francophone population, she has trained research assistants from Northern Ontario, Algeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to reach different communities across the country. The goal is to recruit approximately 300 participants.

Although the project has not yet reached the validation stage, Rivest says the early feedback has reinforced the need for language-appropriate assessment tools.

After testing about 30 Franco-Ontarians, she has heard a recurring observation from participants who had previously completed cognitive tests in English.

"Many of them have said, 'My family doctor gave me a similar test, but it was in English. I thought I had trouble, but now I see I'm fine,'" says Rivest. "It's very encouraging."

Rivest believes part of that response may be tied to familiarity and comfort.

"As people age and they have Alzheimer鈥檚 disease, everything from their earlier past becomes more comforting. They remember it better," says Rivest.

For many francophones, she explains, that means returning to the language they learned and used throughout childhood.

While researchers and clinicians, including collaborators at McGill University, are already expressing interest in the French Canadian version of the TorCA, Rivest hopes its impact will extend beyond major urban centres.

She thinks often of the small rural communities she grew up in, where many residents are unilingual francophones and access to specialized care can be limited.

"People in those little towns don't reach out for health care necessarily," says Rivest. "For me, it's making the tests available free, inexpensive to all francophone, including rural people, people that are far away."

"For me, it's helping the francophone community, particularly the people who would not normally reach out for those types of services, nor be offered them because it's just too complicated for them," she says.

The post Bringing inclusive cognitive testing to Canada's francophone communities appeared first on YFile.

Awarded through CIHR's Project Grant program, the funding supports researchers and trainees pursing projects across the health research spectrum, from foundational discovery to applied research and knowledge mobilization.

The four 91亚色-funded projects span neuroscience, mental health, autoimmune disease and Indigenous health, and position the University as a leader in research that focuses on building healthy lives, communities and environments through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation.

"This investment reflects the excellence, breadth and growing impact of health research at 91亚色 and the ,鈥� says Dean David Peters. These CIHR-funded projects bring together researchers, trainees and community partners to improve care, inform policy and advance the health and well-being of individuals and communities.鈥�

Ali Abdul Sater, associate professor at the Faculty of Health, received $1,017,450 to investigate the role of a protein known as TRAF1 in rheumatoid arthritis. The  aims to identify new ways of targeting inflammation while preserving protective immune functions, with the goal of informing the development of more precise treatments for the autoimmune disease. 

Kate Dunn, assistant professor at the Faculty of Health, was awarded $761,174 to work with First Nations communities on culturally grounded approaches to liver wellness and hepatitis C awareness, screening and care. Building on previous CIHR-funded research, and working with a team of co-investigators including 91亚色鈥檚 Mia Biondi, Karen Campbell, Tarama Barnett and Ashley Day, the  will co-design community-integrated pathways that combine Indigenous knowledge, creative engagement and clinical access to improve awareness and access to services.  

Also at the Faculty of Health, Jonathan Weiss, a professor in the Department of Psychology, was awarded $730,576 together with co-principal investigator Yona Lunsky (The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health) for a project exploring therapeutic photography as a mental health intervention for youth with intellectual disabilities. Co-designed with young people and their families, the  will test whether photography can provide an accessible means of self-expression and support mental well-being. The project includes several co-investigators, with 91亚色鈥檚 Shital Desai, Nazilla Khanlou, Georges Monette, Paul Ritvo and Kate Tilleczek among the group. 

At the Faculty of Science,听Jeffrey Schall, a professor in the Department of Biology, received $1,059,526 for research examining how the brain's prefrontal cortex supports attention and decision-making.聽The聽聽will use advanced brain imaging and monitoring techniques to advancing understanding with potential applications for conditions that affect these functions.聽

础苍辞迟丑别谤听聽at University Health Network聽(UHN)聽will be聽co-led by 91亚色 assistant professor聽Divya Sharma, Faculty of Science and carried out at the University. 聽With聽$726,752聽in funding聽to聽UHN, the team of researchers will聽investigate the use of AI聽to聽analyze聽biological聽differences among聽people聽with knee osteoarthritis. The work aims聽to聽better predict who is most likely to聽benefit聽from knee replacement surgery聽and聽could help guide more personalized treatments and patient outcomes.聽

"Addressing today's pressing health challenges requires inspired collaboration across fields, linking excellence in fundamental science to practice at the bedside," says Faculty of Science Dean Maydianne Andrade. "These federally funded projects are emblematic of the research at 91亚色 and the Faculty of Science, advancing our ability to translate complex data into innovative models and decision tools that can transform lives."

The post $3.5M funding boost from CIHR to advance health research at 91亚色 appeared first on YFile.

For nearly five days, the heavy blanket of smoke trapped toxic particles over Toronto, drastically increasing health risks while the wildfires caused catastrophic damage in communities across northwestern Ontario. 

The unprecedented devastation has 91亚色 experts debating whether Canada should explore a new national agency to manage wildfire response 鈥� or revamp the system in place. 

The recent fires in northwestern Ontario are now accelerating conversations about how Canada manages wildfires, which have gained momentum since fires tore through Jasper, Alta. two years ago consuming about a third of the town鈥檚 buildings.  

Since then recovery has remained painfully slow, highlighting the longterm impacts of the shorterm devastation of wildfires. As of March 2026, only 4 per cent of the 374 properties lost to fire have been fully rebuilt. Meanwhile, insured losses have swelled from early projections of $900 million to an estimated $1.3 billion, according to the Insurance Bureau of Canada.

Those numbers have made Jasper a test case for a broader question facing Ottawa: should the federal government overhaul how it manages wildfires 鈥� perhaps by creating a national agency 鈥� or focus on fixing the system it already has? 

Across Canada, opinions diverge sharply on what that change should look like. The debate runs straight through 91亚色鈥檚 Disaster and Emergency Management program at the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, where two professors studying wildfires stake opposing positions. 

After a major fire, 鈥渋t is all left to individual communities impacted to manage it themselves,鈥� and a federally mandated framework would be beneficial, says Ali Asgary, 91亚色 professor and director of the Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid Response Simulation (ADERSIM) Lab, which uses large-scale simulations to model disasters and test emergency responses. 

His colleague, Professor Eric B. Kennedy, studies the human dimensions of fire and how people and institutions use evidence to make decisions in wildfire and other emergencies. Like Asgary, Kennedy shares 鈥渢his sense that we need transformative thinking,鈥� but argues that Canada should focus on transforming the systems and programs it already has, rather than building a new national agency from scratch. 

Both agree recent seasons have revealed how fragile Canada鈥檚 wildfire system becomes under extreme pressure 鈥� and that Jasper stands as one of the starkest examples. 

A system under pressure

When the Jasper wildfires erupted in July 2024, scarce resources and confusion over jurisdiction hampered early firefighting efforts, despite what officials described as a well-oiled crisis response. 

Ken McMullen, chief of emergency services for Red Deer Emergency Services and president of the Canadian Association of Fire Chiefs (CAFC), served as an incident commander on the scene. One fire burned to the northeast of Jasper, while three fires to the south merged into a singular inferno racing toward town. 

Inside the blaze, the heat and winds acted like a convection oven, generating gusts as powerful as an EF-5 tornado with wind speeds exceeding 300 km/hr, uprooting trees and hurling flames up to 50 metres into the ir. When mountainside trees gave way, embers rained down on the town, setting homes and businesses ablaze. 

McMullen and his team coordinated the wildland, municipal and volunteer firefighting teams in evacuating 20,000 people, and deploying high-volume sprinkler systems, a rotating air fleet for water drops and hotspot detection, and continuous fuel removal to steer the flames鈥� path. 

Still, when air tankers were needed that first night, none of Canada鈥檚 106-plane fleet was available 鈥� already committed to fires burning in other provinces. By the next day, the blaze had grown too large for water drops to make a difference. By the third, the wind and smoke made flying unsafe. 

It would take 47 days before the fires were declared under control. By the end of the 2024 fire season, two Canadian firefighters had died, including one in Jasper. 

Now, with wildfires raging across northwestern Ontario, McMullen, Kennedy and Asgary all agree that Canada is not ready, and they鈥檙e urging swift, systemic change at the federal level. 

鈥淎t the height of a wildfire season, everybody鈥檚 interested. Politicians are interested. Industry is interested to learn, what do we do differently?鈥� McMullen says. But once major fires are extinguished, they鈥檙e on the back burner until spring. 

鈥淲e forget in January what we talked about in July,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e have to make it a 365-day conversation.鈥�

A changing risk landscape

For Kennedy and Asgary, that conversation requires starting with fire itself and how it has evolved. 

Climate change has generated hotter temperatures and drier landscapes, altering fire behaviour and lengthening wildfire seasons around the world. Kennedy leads YEMERGE, a pan-University research network that studies how people, communities and institutions prepare for and respond to crises such as wildfires. His lab examines how local governments adopt mitigation programs such as FireSmart Canada, and how bureaucratic processes and staff turnover in government can hamper fire mitigation efforts. 

鈥淭he big challenge is the magnitude of what we鈥檙e facing,鈥� Kennedy says. 鈥淲e have huge forested areas. We have a lot of the [urban] interface at risk of exposure, we have a lot of historic building stock that is not necessarily fire adapted, and we鈥檝e got challenges 鈥� like how to make housing more affordable that can, at times, be at odds with doing well on fire.鈥� 

The 2023, 2024 and 2025 seasons were among the top five worst in Canada鈥檚 wildfire history. With 16.5 million hectares of land burned from coast to coast, 2023 was the most destructive on record, followed by 2025 at 8.9 million hectares. 

鈥淲hen you have three consecutive years, you can鈥檛 say 鈥榰nprecedented鈥� anymore,鈥� McMullen says. 鈥淵ou can鈥檛 say it was 鈥榰npredictable.鈥� So if [fires] are predictable, that means that they are preventable.鈥� 

91亚色鈥檚 Disaster and Emergency Management program is instrumental in making those predictions. Asgary鈥檚 team at ADERSIM forecasts the behaviour of existing wildfires with AI modelling, develops drone-based wildfire sensing tools for water quality assessments, and uses virtual reality to help residents make changes related to wildfire. 

鈥淲e can provide a lot of research and training capacities, especially when it comes to the use of new technologies in this area,鈥� Asgary says. 

However, resources have been stretched to capacity across the country, burdened further by a complicated chain of command. In Canada, emergency management for any hazard is usually executed first at the municipal level. As a disaster grows, communities call on their provincial or territorial ministries for more support. 

Fire management in Canada also involves all 13 provincial and territorial wildland fire agencies. Those agencies own and operate the non-profit Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC), a collaborative body that coordinates resource sharing and mutual aid but does not function as a federal agency itself. 

Federal emergency management currently falls under the purview of Public Safety Canada and its Government Operations Centre (GOC), which focuses on preparedness and response. In the case of Jasper, the GOC provided humanitarian and logistical support for residents, and coordinated the deployment of Canadian Armed Forces heavy-lift aircraft with the team on the ground. 

There are gaps between existing agencies: CIFFC mobilizes personnel but does not hire or train firefighters, and the GOC鈥檚 activities stop short of the other two tenets of emergency management: prevention and mitigation, and recovery. 

Jurisdictional responsibility for wildfires is further complicated by fragmentation at each level of government. If a wildfire occurs on federal lands managed by the Department of National Defence or Parks Canada, those agencies coordinate the firefighting efforts, not the province.

That was the situation with the Jasper wildfires. A 2025 report commissioned by the Municipality of Jasper cited the provincial government鈥檚 interference as a slowdown to response operations. The report found the province of Alberta repeatedly requested information from the command team and attempted to make decisions, even though it had no jurisdictional authority because the town is located within a national park. 

A year prior, the National Risk Profile (NPR), a national disaster risk assessment published by Public Safety Canada, had warned that jurisdictions are not aligned in their emergency management approaches and programming. The NPR identified further challenges, including information-sharing bottlenecks between the health and emergency management systems. 

Asgary says the current system isn鈥檛 working like it used to. Even well-resourced provinces such as Ontario or B.C. have been overwhelmed in recent years, leaving little capacity to support neighbours. Without a top-down framework, Asgary says, municipalities hire consultants and end up with equipment and software incompatible with other stakeholders 鈥� a problem that only surfaces when operations scale up during a disaster. 

鈥淭he time has passed to do reactive policy making,鈥� Asgary says. 鈥淲e are now in the middle of a major climate change-related crisis. It should be clear for everyone that the current system is not sufficient.鈥� 

The resource challenge

As a disaster unfolds, resources are often assigned based on availability rather than what is best suited for the job, Asgary says. 

鈥淭he wildfire is not going to tell us, 鈥業鈥檓 going to happen now,鈥欌�� he says. 鈥淭hese resources may be already deployed somewhere else.鈥� 

A national reserve firefighting force is an oft-cited solution, but unlikely without a systemic change in recruitment, says McMullen, who represents fire chiefs across Canada in his role as president of the CAFC. Of Canada鈥檚 126,000 firefighters, about 90,000 are volunteers 鈥� a pool that has shrunk by nearly 29 per cent since 2016. McMullen correlates the drop with recent wildfire seasons that have strained volunteers, who are normally called upon an average of 22 minutes a week to provide support in their local communities. 

If provinces were to increase investment in attracting and recruiting new firefighters or equipment to the pipeline, Kennedy says there would be 鈥渆nough slack in the system to keep trading and sharing and providing mutual aid.鈥� 

The provinces and territories currently own and share an aging fleet of water bombers. The federal government hasn鈥檛 committed to investing in a national fleet, but did announce $316.7 million over the next five years to contract additional aircraft from third parties for the 2026 season and beyond. Provinces, meanwhile, are moving ahead on their own: Alberta announced in February that it would invest $400 million to purchase five De Havilland Canadair 515 firefighting aircraft, with the first delivered in 2031. Manitoba is also in line to acquire three of the new water bombers, with the first to arrive by 2031.

Two paths forward: the debate

Calls for a national wildfire agency surface every year during the height of wildfire season as another potential solution to the resource problem. 

Kennedy says a wildfire agency is a 鈥済reat buzzword,鈥� but notes CIFFC is already working effectively at pooling resources between provinces and navigating equipment procurement with the federal government. 

鈥淭hese 15 fire agencies have been working for decades to build trust with communities, to build relationships, to develop infrastructure and get their systems working well. Why would we want to create a 16th fire bureaucracy?鈥� Kennedy says. 鈥淭his call [acts as] a code word for, 鈥榃e need more co-ordination,鈥� or, 鈥榳e need more collaboration.鈥欌�� 

He says Canada鈥檚 approach would be better served with continuous injections of funding to existing systems. He sees the Government Operations Centre as a potential springboard for building a solid operational framework for all emergencies, including wildfires. 

Asgary envisions an emergency management agency that also covers floods and earthquakes. He says the current system 鈥渋s not really able to help to the level that these provinces expect, because they don鈥檛 have [the resources]鈥� during the time of the actual emergency. 

He points to the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency as an example of an agency with a wide mandate to do anything required to manage a disaster and its aftermath, including waiving bureaucratic processes and pulling resources from governmental departments. 

McMullen and the CAFC have been lobbying for more of a hybrid role in the form of a national fire commissioner or liaison, who would act as point person for all federal fire-related conversations. 

The Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC) echoes Asgary鈥檚 call for a central emergency management agency so communities can avoid creating a new 鈥減laybook鈥� after every disaster. The IBC, which oversaw $2.4 billion in insured loss claims related to weather in 2025, has called on the federal government to discuss their response to emergency management. Talks are underway: Minister of Emergency Management and Community Resilience Eleanor Olszewski led public and industry consultations through March 2026, with a report forthcoming. 

Canada remains the only G7 country without a national emergency management agency or a national fire administration. 鈥� 

A future with fire

Central to whatever comes next is mitigation 鈥� the actions taken before a fire. 

鈥淲e have to accept that we will live with fire,鈥� Kennedy says. 鈥淗ow do we make the landscape less attractive for that fire to spread?鈥� 

One way is to focus on improvements to the wildland itself. Containing every fire means the forest becomes overburdened with healthy trees that act as fuel. Controlled burns can encourage regeneration of the landscape, and clearing long strips of land to form built-in firebreaks can slow the spread of wildfire. 

Another approach is to work within communities on updating building codes so new structures use fire-resistant materials 鈥� which the town of Jasper is doing 鈥� and on educating residents about wildfire-proofing measures they can make to their homes. 

Disaster response already costs the federal government about $1.8 billion a year. However, the National Risk Profile estimates a return on investment of $4 to $10 for every dollar spent on mitigation, with the highest returns related to risk assessment, hazard analysis and mitigation planning. 

Canada is nowhere near international investment benchmarks established by the European Union that suggests governments spend between 0.66 and 1.25 per cent of their GDP annually on climate adaptation, which includes fire mitigation activities. For Canada, that would fall between $21.5 and $40.7 billion. In 2026, the federal climate adaptation spend is $7.1 billion. 

Investments start and stall with shifts in government, which further complicate consistent action, and are often targeted at firefighting instead of systemic change, Kennedy says. 鈥� 

鈥淭here is simply no number of firefighters that would be enough in Canada. We will never have enough air tankers. We will never have enough hoses. We will never have enough firefighters. That is a black hole of investment,鈥� says Kennedy. 鈥淲e could pour as much money into firefighting as we want, and it will never be enough, because the root causes of this are not fire suppression alone, but are ecosystem management, addressing climate change and building more resiliently.鈥�

Contributed by Kristina Urquhart

The post Playing with fire: Is Canada's wildfire strategy working? 91亚色 scholars debate appeared first on YFile.

鈥淎MR, which is often described as a 鈥榮ilent pandemic鈥�, threatens our ability to effectively treat infectious diseases in humans, animals, plants and the environment around the world,鈥� says Arne Ruckert, director of research at the 鈥檚 (GSL) AMR Policy Accelerator.

In response, international health organizations and policymakers have increasingly turned to a framework known as One Health, which recognizes that the health of people, animals and ecosystems is interconnected. The approach calls for an equally interconnected response.

鈥淥ne Health governance is comprised of the structures, processes and mechanisms that enable and support coordination and collaboration between these sectors, as well as with actors outside government, such as the private sector, academic experts, health professionals and civil society,鈥� says Taylor Hecker, research fellow at GSL, which is headquartered at 91亚色 and the University of Ottawa.

But recognizing the need for collaboration is only the first step. While One Health has gained widespread support among governments, international organizations and public health experts, less is known about how those collaborations should be organized, managed and evaluated, or how policymakers can determine whether they are achieving their intended goals.

To address that gap in knowledge, GSL worked with colleagues from the World Health Organization.

鈥淲e wanted to synthesize what is known about One Health governance globally, and especially how its mechanisms have been implemented in different institutional, social, economic and political contexts,鈥� says Ruckert, adding the team also wanted to understand how success has been defined and measured, and what barriers and facilitators influence implementation.

The researchers reviewed studies and policy documents exploring how governments and organizations were putting One Health into practice. These included national AMR plans, disease surveillance systems, cross-sector coordination bodies and responses to infectious disease outbreaks. After screening more than 3,000 records, the team examined 171 documents representing more than 50 countries.

A key aspect of the review was its focus on how local context shapes the design and implementation of coordination systems.

鈥淓xisting literature and guidance often does not differentiate between different country contexts and how this may impact or result in barriers to certain mechanisms,鈥� Hecker says. 鈥淭herefore, we approached and performed this research through a context-specific lens as there is no one-size-fits-all solution to support effective One Health governance.鈥�

That analysis identified six dimensions that consistently inform One Health governance: participation, leadership, coordination, decision-making, resourcing and accountability. Together, these factors determine who is involved, who is responsible for leading efforts, how information is shared, how priorities are set, how activities are funded and how progress is monitored.

Despite differences in political structures, funding models and government institutions, several barriers appeared repeatedly across the literature. These include challenges coordinating action across multiple levels of government, dependence on donor funding, siloed departments and weak information-sharing. The review also found that while disease outbreaks often created momentum for cross-sector cooperation, many countries struggled to maintain those partnerships once the immediate crisis had passed.

The researchers say the goal was to catalogue the challenges countries face and identify approaches that could help policymakers design more effective and sustainable systems for AMR policy implementation.

鈥淎s the first phase of a broader , this article also provides a conceptual foundation for how governance approaches can be implemented going forward, as well as how they can be assessed across different contexts,鈥� says Ruckert.

Among the factors associated with stronger adoption were political commitment, clear coordination mechanisms and effective systems for sharing information across sectors. Successful initiatives foster a sense of shared ownership, with participants viewing One Health as a collective responsibility rather than the domain of a single department or sector. Previous disease outbreaks, meanwhile, sometimes helped build support for these approaches by demonstrating the value of sustained cross-sector collaboration.

The review calls for more rigorous evaluation of One Health initiatives so policymakers can understand what works, where and why. As countries continue searching for ways to slow the spread of AMR, researchers suggest that building stronger evidence around governance may be just as important as developing new policies.

Effective approaches must account for the political, institutional and economic realities of individual countries, say researchers. Governments also need to move beyond outbreak-driven collaboration and establish lasting structures capable of addressing long-term challenges such as AMR.

鈥淲e hope that this review encourages researchers and policymakers to look beyond one-size-fits-all approaches of One Health governance and pay attention to how context shapes what is feasible, effective and sustainable during AMR policy implementation,鈥� says Ruckert.

The post Tackling antimicrobial resistance requires more than policy: 91亚色 study appeared first on YFile.

In oncology clinics, diagnosing disease, monitoring treatment response and tracking tumour growth often begin with a meticulous review of medical images. For oncologists and radiologists, this can mean spending hours measuring tumours and comparing scans to understand how a patient's cancer has changed over time.

Much of that work is still done manually, even when clinicians are carrying out many of the same assessments across large numbers of cases. "There are many occasions where the time of oncologists and radiologists is spent reviewing cases that are very similar," says Sadeghi-Naini.

Spending significant time reviewing scans and performing routine assessments, he says, leaves less time for patients who require more urgent attention.

Sadeghi-Naini and his team at the QUANTIMB Lab are working to change that.

The 91亚色-based lab, led by Sadeghi-Naini, develops AI-powered imaging tools to support cancer care with a focus on helping clinicians process medical scans more efficiently.

鈥淭he idea is to automate things 鈥� to detect the location of the disease, quantify it and generate a report so the clinician can quickly review it,鈥� says Sadeghi-Naini, who teaches in the .

Rather than replacing clinical expertise, the goal is to develop AI tools that act as decision support systems, helping care providers assess scans and prioritize care. The tools are trained using large collections of medical scans, allowing them to identify patterns associated with disease progression and treatment response, which can then be flagged for clinical review.

One area of the lab's work focuses on monitoring brain tumours using MRI scans. For some patients whose cancer has spread to the brain, disease may appear as numerous small lesions scattered throughout the organ. In some cases, Sadeghi-Naini says, patients may have 10, 20 or 30 tumours that must be identified and monitored individually over time to determine whether treatment is working.

To help with that task, the lab has developed AI models that can analyze MRI scans, identifying and tracking small cancerous growths across a series of scans. The technology can automate much of that work and generate information to support treatment decisions, reducing the time clinicians spend manually locating and measuring each tumour over successive scans.

Another long-running project examines how tumours respond to treatment. For patients undergoing chemotherapy, one challenge is determining early on whether a tumour is responding to the drug. In some cases, this may only become clear after months of treatment, by which point valuable time and opportunities to adjust a patient's care may have been lost.

Using ultrasound data, Sadeghi-Naini and his team train AI models to look for biological changes that signal whether tumour cells are dying. By assisting in identifying those signals earlier than conventional monitoring approaches, the technology could give clinicians faster insight into whether a treatment is working. Detecting those changes earlier could help determine whether a different approach is needed.

鈥淚f a patient can be identified as not responding as early as possible, that spares months of ineffective chemotherapy and unnecessary side effects,鈥� says Sadeghi-Naini.

Although the projects focus on different clinical challenges, they are built around the same idea: using AI to extract useful information from medical images and help clinicians make decisions more quickly.

Across these projects, collaboration and human insight play a central role. The lab works closely with hospitals and clinicians, including researchers at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, to access patient data, test new technologies and ensure the tools being developed address real-world clinical needs.

Feedback and guidance from clinical collaborators on the brain tumour monitoring technology have already been positive, says Sadeghi-Naini, who notes that some have expressed interest in using it as a support tool.

The lab is also designing interfaces that make the technology easier for practitioners to use, recognizing that ease of use is key to adoption in real-world settings.

Collaboration with those working directly in the field also helps accelerate the work. The ultrasound project, for example, has advanced to a clinical trial, a milestone that reflects growing interest among health care experts in evaluating the technology.

Although much of his work involves advanced technologies, Sadeghi-Naini says the motivation behind it is simple: helping patients receive the right care at the right time. Tools that monitor disease more efficiently, or determine sooner whether a treatment is working, could improve decision-making throughout the course of treatment and offer more time to focus on patient care.

"At the end of the day, this clinician time can be spent on somebody who actually urgently needs it," he says.

The post How 91亚色 researchers are using AI to support cancer care appeared first on YFile.

Drawing on recent research findings, usage statistics and her own work, Badawi has observed that chatbot use is increasing, with many people turning to these tools not only for information and practical assistance, but also for advice, emotional guidance and support with personal decisions.

Badawi's interest in the issue grew out of her work with Kids Help Phone, Canada's national 24/7 e-mental health service for young people. While working at the Vector Institute, she gained exposure to the mental health challenges facing youth and saw firsthand how digital tools were increasingly being used to provide support.

The experience led her to pursue postdoctoral research at 91亚色 through the Connected Minds program with a focus on mental health and AI safety. Supervised by Assistant Professor Elham Dolatabadi and Laleh Seyyed-Kalantari from the , as well as Frank Rudzicz of Dalhousie University, Badawi鈥檚 research finds that youth, in particular, are turning to AI systems for help navigating everyday challenges, relationships and emotional concerns 鈥� even when they may not explicitly describe those interactions as mental health support.

Badawi's findings reinforced a growing concern about the role AI plays in people's lives. Chatbots, such as ChatGPT, are increasingly serving roles once filled by family members, friends and other trusted sources. Whether youth describe it that way or not, Badawi believes many of these exchanges have begun filling an emotional support role in people's lives.

鈥淓ven if they don't define it as mental health support, they are still using it as a type of mental health support,鈥� she says.

The concern, Badawi says, is that AI chatbots were not designed to serve that purpose.

Unlike therapists and other mental health professionals, general purpose large language models like ChatGPT are not designed to provide clinical care. As a result, users may receive advice or validation before sufficient context is gathered or alternative perspectives are explored.

鈥淵ou can end up with a system that always agrees with you,鈥� she says. 鈥淚t doesn't challenge you or ask questions in the same way a person would.鈥�

That dynamic can have consequences, she notes. Someone discussing a conflict with family, for example, may receive responses that validate their feelings without fully exploring the situation or offering alternative perspectives. Over time, Badawi worries that constant affirmation could contribute to overconfidence, one-sided thinking and an increasing reliance on AI systems.

Her research examines what she and her colleagues call 鈥� a potential pattern of interaction in which repeated reliance on AI may shift reflection, coping, emotional regulation and decision-making away from individuals and toward AI systems.

The concern, however, extends beyond questions of decision-making or dependence. She worries the same behaviours that encourage people to rely on AI for advice and emotional guidance may, in extreme cases, contribute to more serious harm. Models that consistently validate users, reinforce their perspectives and foster emotional attachment can become particularly problematic when people are vulnerable or in distress.

The issue became an important focus for Badawi following reported cases in which AI chatbot interactions were examined in connection with youth suicide. For her, these cases raised urgent questions about how chatbots respond when vulnerable users express distress, form strong emotional attachments to the system or require support beyond what an AI tool can safely provide. They also highlight the importance of designing models that recognize risk and encourage users to seek appropriate human help.

Those cases helped inform a research project supported through OpenAI's AI and Mental Health Grant Program, an initiative aimed at supporting research into how AI systems affect mental health and how they can be designed more safely.

As principal investigator, Badawi is leading Preventing Cognitive Atrophy in LLM Mental Health Support Through Psychometric Evaluation and Therapist-Aligned Design, a project that aims to better understand how AI systems can support mental health while reducing the risk of emotional dependency.

The team is developing new ways to measure how AI behaves in emotionally sensitive conversations. The goal is to design technology that will encourage users to seek help from people they trust and provide resources and responses that support independent coping and problem-solving.

To do that, researchers are analyzing conversations between users and chatbots and are working with experts in psychology and mental health to examine whether models gather sufficient context, encourage independent decicion-making, ask appropriate clarifying questions and respond with empathy.

One goal is to identify conversational patterns that can steer interactions into increasingly risky territory. Ultimately, Badawi hopes the work will help create safeguards that prevent AI systems from reinforcing harmful ideas, fostering unhealthy emotional attachment or encouraging dependence.

The obstacles, however, extend beyond the technology itself.

With more than a decade of experience working at the intersection of AI and health care, Badawi has collaborated with clinicians, mental health professionals and researchers across disciplines. Those experiences, she says, have underscored the importance of collaboration while also revealing how difficult it can be.

One obstacle is determining what a "good" response from an AI system actually looks like. As part of the project, and assess how the models respond in emotionally sensitive situations. Those evaluations help researchers identify the kinds of behaviours they want these tools to emulate 鈥� and those they want to avoid.

But unlike many areas of health care, there is no single correct answer. Different experts can interpret the same interaction in different ways, making it difficult to establish clear standards. A response one psychologist considers appropriate may prompt debate from another, not because either is wrong, Badawi says, but because they are approaching the situation from different perspectives.

鈥淚f humans don't agree, how are you expecting the model to follow a pattern?鈥� she asks.

Despite those challenges, Badawi believes progress is possible. She is also quick to emphasize that AI tools can still provide value.

鈥淲e can鈥檛 stop people from using AI tools,鈥� she says. 鈥淭he question is how to make them safer.鈥�

Her long-term goal is to develop AI-driven tools specifically , with safeguards that recognize when interactions are becoming problematic and encourage users toward reflection, autonomy and real-world sources of support.

鈥淭he real measure of progress is whether AI can recognize danger early, interrupt harmful patterns and connect a vulnerable person to human help before it is too late,鈥� she says.

Ultimately, the objective is simple: people are already using these systems every day. The task now is ensuring they can do so safely.

The post 91亚色 researchers explore AI safeguards for youth mental health appeared first on YFile.

For many people across the Greater Toronto Area, commuting is a significant part of daily life. "Toronto is a city where there can be a lot of traffic congestion and many people's commutes are quite long," says Shen, whose research explores worker health and well-being.

For many of those commuters, the trip back and forth is one of the least enjoyable parts of the day, triggering stress, fatigue and lost time. Researchers have traditionally focused on those challenges, often emphasizing objective measures such as distance and travel time.

Shen, however, has in, as she puts it, 鈥渉ow commutes may have benefits rather than only the 鈥榮tress鈥� and 鈥榖urden鈥� that a lot of research describes.鈥�

In collaboration with researchers in Israel and the U.S., Shen set out to better understand why some people are more satisfied with their journeys to work than others, focusing on a key psychological factor: predictability.

Two commutes that take the same amount of time can feel very different if one is consistently reliable while the other is plagued by unexpected delays, she notes. The study theorizes that predictability might improve the commuting experience in two ways: by reducing stress and by giving workers a greater sense of control over how they spend their time.

To test the idea, researchers conducted a three-week study involving 379 full-time employees who commuted to work at least twice a week. Across three surveys, participants answered questions about how consistent their daily journeys are, their levels of stress and autonomy during the journey and their overall enjoyment of the experience.

The results, published in the , found that commuters are more satisfied with their trip when they could reliably predict how long it would take, regardless of length. The study also finds that this relationship is driven by a greater sense of autonomy or control over how commuting time was spent.

This desire for control may stem from the ability to plan how commuting time will be used, the researchers say. Someone who knows their travel time will take 45 minutes can decide in advance whether to listen to a podcast, mentally prepare for the workday, unwind after work or simply enjoy a few moments to themselves. In this way, the commute can become a psychological buffer between work and home life. By contrast, a commuter facing uncertainty and unexpected delays may be more focused on the possibility of disruptions than on what they can do with the journey.

This distinction matters, says Shen, because commuting experiences do not necessarily end when the journey is over. Previous research has shown the effects of a commute can spill over into other areas of life, influencing well-being, job satisfaction and experiences at home.

"We know that people can bring the stresses of their commute with them to work and also into their homes in the evening," says Shen. "Given this, we are interested in how to make commutes less stressful and more beneficial for workers."

In the paper, Shen and her co-authors suggest transportation planners and employers can help improve commuter well-being by investing in more reliable transportation systems, accurate real-time travel information and flexible work arrangements that increase reliability. More broadly, they argue that commuting should not be viewed simply as lost time; when people can reliably anticipate how their trip will unfold, they may be able to use that time in ways that support well-being.

Additional work is needed to understand the relationship between predictability and commuter well-being. Future studies, says Shen, could incorporate physiological measures of stress such as cortisol levels, examine more diverse populations and transportation systems, include larger numbers of public transit users and test interventions such as flexible scheduling policies. The authors also suggest exploring whether the way trip information is presented influences how commuters experience consistency and control.

"We hope that this work will help people to consider how to make their commutes more enjoyable and useful to them, perhaps for recovery or to get ahead with work or family responsibilities," says Shen. "Although commuting may be inevitable, it does not have to be 'wasted' or an unpleasant time.鈥�

The post Study suggests secret to a better commute appeared first on YFile.