aging Archives - 91��ɫU Centre for Aging Research & Education (YU-CARE)

91��ɫ Retirees Association (YURA) Celebrates 40 years of contributions to 91��ɫ

charnaw — Tue, 04 Aug 2026 13:23:00 +0000

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YU CARE Seminar with Dr. Nicola Plastow

charnaw — Tue, 07 Jul 2026 16:10:46 +0000

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YU CARE Director Dr. Tamara Daly quoted in Toronto Star article: Another Toronto Nursing Home says it will shut down as deadline for 31 license renewals draws nearer

charnaw — Mon, 10 Jun 2024 13:48:27 +0000

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Temporary agency workers have long been a crutch for a care system in crisis, experts say. Now, they are exempt from new COVID-19 health directives

Tue, 12 May 2020 13:38:44 +0000

By Work and Wealth Reporter. Sun., April 19, 2020

Long before the pandemic hit, “working short” was a chronic problem for personal support worker Febe Jimenez.

Staff were overloaded on a good day at her Hamilton-area retirement home; a single worker’s absence could throw an already tenuous care system built on low pay and long hours into disarray. For temporary relief, she says, help was habitually drafted in from three separate staffing agencies: one for nurses, one for night shift, and one for day shift.

“Before this happened, we were going through agencies like crazy,” Jimenez said.

A new directive issued by the province this week limits the movement of health-care workers between facilities in a bid to contain the devastating spread of in nursing homes. But the directive does not apply to agency workers, who earn their living floating from home to home.

It’s an exemption critics call a health risk — and a sign.

“It shows just how desperate the Ontario government is to adequately staff these long-term care facilities,” said Candace Rennick, secretary-treasurer of the Canadian Union of Public Employees and a long-time nursing home worker.

“We know there is a complete staffing crisis with respect to shortages and retention and recruitment. They are so reliant on this temporary agency contract work that they need to exempt them from a fundamental order to keep people safe.”

In a statement to the Star, a spokesperson for Minister of Long Term Care Merrilee Fullerton said the order did not apply to “agency workers or other critical contract staff” in order to “ensure a steady supply of staff available to work on an emergency basis in long-term care homes.”

“To ensure the safety of long-term care residents, these workers are subject to ‘active screening’ direction set out in a directive by the Chief Medical Officer of Health, which requires a rigorous screening process before being permitted entry into a long-term care home,” the statement said.

Even for directly-hired personal support workers, poor pay has long meant juggling multiple jobs at different homes, says Sharlene Stewart, president of Services Employees International Union Healthcare.

“Workers absolutely want one full-time job. But when you pay them so poorly … you have to work two jobs to barely make a living,” she said.

In light of the pandemic, the government has said these workers can pick one employer and take job-protected leaves of absence from others to comply with new directives.The province has also said it “encourages” long-term-care employers to offer full-time hours to part-time workers.

But the reliance on agencies can pose a risk to residents, caused in part by “the lack of familiarity and the discontinuity in care,” said Laxer. In the midst of a pandemic, “precarious arrangements are leading to what are probably very problematic levels of traffic under these circumstances,” she added.

The model can also pose risks to workers, who often rely heavily on their knowledge of a particular home and its residents to keep themselves safe on the job, said Armstrong.

“Especially in these times, you want that support,” she said.

It’s an issue that was brought to Workforce Planning for Sudbury & Manitoulin head Reggie Caverson’s attention around two years ago — by the head of a private staffing agency.

“They said, ‘do you have any idea how many shifts are being missed at our local long-term care homes?’” Caverson recalls.

“Obviously, they were a private staffing agency so it was a fairly lucrative business for them. But they were very, very concerned about the fact that there were so many shifts that were being missed.”

Caverson and her team investigated, speaking to staffing agencies, nursing homes, and — most importantly — workers themselves.

“Nothing is worse than our field than going into agencies and they’re saying, ‘there’s nothing wrong here.’ But we’re hearing from the workers saying, ‘oh, there’s something really wrong here.’ And that’s exactly what has happened,” said Caverson.

The resulting report, published last year, found that personal support workers in the area were evenly split between full-time and part-time, with 75 per cent earning $20 or less an hour. The report also found that around a third reported working for an employment agency.

Existing research on temporary agency work has long shown that it is often riskier and lower-paid than a permanent job. But while the model poses safety issues in the health care sector too, the concerns around pay sometimes differ, said Caverson.

Canadian cases and deaths by province/territory

Data current as of May 11.This chart is updated daily using data from the Government of Canada Health Infobase website which may not match the data provided by other agencies.

Ontario

British Columbia

Quebec

Alberta

Saskatchewan

Manitoba

New Brunswick

Newfoundland and Labrador

Nova Scotia

Prince Edward Island

Yukon

Northwest Territories

600↑ new cases5004003002001000Jan 31May 11Ontario - pop. 14,711,827308 new cases on May 11.20,000↑ total cases15,00010,0005,0000Jan 31May 1120,546 cases and 1,669 deaths total1,66920,546

SOURCE: THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA HEALTH INFOBASE, STATISTICS CANADA POPULATION ESTIMATES Q1 2020

In some cases, agency workers “get emergency pay to get in there earlier and faster, so they’re paid much better than the current PSWs and have a lot more flexibility,” she noted. Sometimes, workers may even prefer agency work because permanent positions are so demanding, she added.

“How do you fix that? You fix that by improving conditions,” said Armstrong.

And while the rationale behind lean staffing may be low labour costs, Caverson said the end result may be exactly the opposite.

“I talked to some of the directors up here from the long-term-care homes, and (agencies) charge them an arm and a leg for one of these staff members to come in,” she said.

“The local health integration network … had charts and everything showing how in debt they were now because it had to pay for all these private staffing people to come in.”

But the scale of the problem remains quantify, even amid a crisis where hard numbers would come in handy, said Laxner. Apart from research efforts like the ones undertaken by Caverson, low-wage care workers are often invisible in workforce data.

“The data gets very, very murky especially the more tenuous the employment relationship,” Laxer said.

Long-term care facilities, for example, report “full-time equivalents” to represent their staffing numbers, which “lumps together all the workers so that it’s impossible to gauge who was working full-time, part time, temporary or agency,” she said.

“I would argue that that’s really important because the employment relationship is a key indicator of the quality of care,” she said.

Now, with capacity stretched more than ever amid a crisis, the government’s ability to restrict mobility — long an unwelcome necessity for many workers — is limited by problems of its own making, said Laxer.

“It was very clear that this model of having people come in and out of facilities, or any environment in which they’re providing care, poses a tremendous risk if there is some kind of outbreak of any kind of infectious disease. That was known,” she said.

“It’s heartbreaking and astonishing that it wasn’t addressed sooner.”

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2019 Research Spotlight: Dr. Gary Turner presents cognitive aging in a new light

Fri, 16 Aug 2019 14:00:49 +0000

Research Summary

Dr. Gary Turner

In recent months, YU-CARE Steering Committee member from the Department of Psychology has significantly contributed to the study of the cognitive neuroscience of aging.

Dr. Turner's research uses MRI techniques to investigate how brain functioning is related to cognitive changes that occur in older adulthood. His recent studies expand beyond the commonly held assumption that cognitive aging is short-hand for cognitive decline. His research has shown that cognitive aging is also associated with cognitive gains in areas such as creative thinking as well as wisdom in solving real world problems. Dr. Turner and his students are also working to develop cognitive training programs to improve concentration and focus in later life.

Read the abstracts for Dr. Turners’ recent research on cognitive aging and neuroscience below and follow the journal links for the full articles.

Abstracts and Links

Turner, G.R., Novakovic-Agopian, T., Kornblith, E., Adnan, A., Madore, M., Chen, A.J.W., & D’Esposito, M. (2019). Goal-Oriented Attention Self-Regulation (GOALS) training in older adults.

Abstract: Objectives: A common cognitive complaint of older adulthood is distractibility, or decline in ability to concentrate and maintain focus, yet few evidence-based interventions exist to address these deficits. We implemented s pilot trial of an evidence-based executive function training program, to investigate whether training in applied goal-directed attention regulation and problem solving would enhance executive control abilities in a sample of cognitively normal older adults with self-reported complaints of concentration problems.

Method: Consecutively recruited participants were placed into small groups and randomized to either Goal-Oriented Attentional Self-Regulation training (GOALS; N = 15) or a closely matched Brain Health Education program (BHE; N = 15).

Results: GOALS participants significantly improved on: neurocognitive measures of mental flexibility (p = 0.03, partial eta squared = 0.23); real-world setting functional performance measures of: task failures (p = 0.02, Cohen’s d = 0.88), task rule breaks (p = 0.02, Cohen’s d = 1.06), and execution (p = 0.04, Cohen’s d = 0.76); and in-lab functional assessment of goal-directed behaviour divergent thinking scale (p = 0.03, Cohen’s d = 0.95). All participants improved on a neurocognitive measure of planning (p = 0.01, partial eta squared = 0.031). BHE participants’ improvement over and above GOALS participants was limited to: rule adherence on the real world task (p = 0.04, Cohen’s d = 0.99), and evaluator rating (p = 0.03, Cohen’s d = 0.56), and average score (p = 0.02, Cohen’s d = 0.71) on the in-lab functional task.

Conclusion: Participation in GOALS training can enhance executive control, and lead to real-world functional improvements, for cognitively normal older adults with self-reported attention difficulties.

Spreng, R.N. & Turner, G.R. (2019). The shifting architecture of cognition and brain function in older adulthood.

Abstract: Cognitive aging is often described in the context of loss or decline. Emerging research suggests that the story is more complex, with older adults showing both losses and gains in cognitive ability. With increasing age, declines in controlled, or fluid, cognition occur in the context of gains in crystallized knowledge of oneself and the world. This inversion in cognitive capacities, from greater reliance on fluid abilities in young adulthood to increasingly crystallized or semanticized cognition in older adulthood, has profound implications for cognitive and real-world functioning in later life. The shift in cognitive architecture parallels changes in the functional network architecture of the brain. Observations of greater functional connectivity between lateral prefrontal brain regions, implicated in cognitive control, and the default network, implicated in memory and semantic processing, led us to propose the default-executive coupling hypothesis of aging. In this review we provide evidence that these changes in the functional architecture of the brain serve as a neural mechanism underlying the shifting cognitive architecture from younger to older adulthood. We incorporate findings spanning cognitive aging and cognitive neuroscience to present an integrative model of cognitive and brain aging, describing its antecedents, determinants, and implications for real-world functioning.

Adnan, A., Beaty, R., Siliva, P., Spreng, R.N., & Turner, G.R. (2019). Creative aging: functional brain networks associated with divergent thinking in older and younger adults.

Abstract: Creative thinking is associated with connectivity between the default and executive control networks in the young brain. In aging, this pattern of functional coupling has been observed across multiple tasks. We have described this as the Default-Executive Coupling Hypothesis of Aging and suggest that this connectivity pattern may also be associated with creativity in older adulthood. However, age differences in brain networks implicated in creativity have yet to be investigated. The overarching goal of the present study was to examine age-related changes to functional brain networks associated with creativity. Specifically, we explored functional connectivity patterns among default and executive control brain regions associated with creative thoughts in older and younger adults. In a cross-sectional design, young (mean age = 21 y; n = 30) and older (mean age = 70 y; n = 25) participants completed a divergent thinking task during fMRI, which was examined using region of interest functional connectivity analyses. Consistent with predictions, analyses demonstrated that default and executive networks are more functionally coupled during creative thinking for older than younger adults. Critically, despite similar performance on an in-scanner creativity task, increased network efficiency was associated with creative ability for older adults only. These findings provide novel evidence of default-executive coupling as a putative mechanism associated with creative ability in later life.

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